• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.406-414
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• 2010

The impact of rainfall events on the sanitary indicator bacteria density of the shellfish-growing waters in Geoje Bay and Jaran Bay in Korea was investigated. The shellfish-growing area in Geoje Bay, which is a nearly closed basin, was not affected significantly, except near the stream mouth after 11.5 mm of rainfall in 1 day. However, most of the shellfish-growing water in the bay was polluted by fecal coliform bacteria after rain as heavy as 43.0 mm, and the levels of fecal indicator bacteria in some of the sea near the coast did not recover completely until 24 hours after the rainfall. By contrast, in Jaran Bay, which has no significant pollution source in the drainage area, although 9.3-490 MPN/100 mL of fecal coliform bacteria were detected near the stream mouth after rainfall of 33.5 and 81.0 mm, a very low level of the indicator bacteria was detected in the designated shellfish-growing area. During the investigation, the correlations between the sanitary indicator bacteria density and physical parameters, such as salinity and turbidity, were evaluated. Both the total coliform and fecal coliform densities were inversely correlated with salinity. Turbidity was positively correlated with the indicator bacteria density. The survey results suggest that for more efficient management of the shellfish-growing areas located in coastal areas, such as shellfish harvesting after rainfall, a detailed investigation of the effects of rainfall on the bacterial water quality in each growing area is needed.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.159-174
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• 1991

A field trial of norfloxacin on bovine 206, swine 222 and poultry 205 with respiratory diseases and diarrhea was conducted from Sept 1, 1990 to Jan 30, 1991 in Inchon and Kyonggi-do. The results are as follows. 1. Guinea pigs and rabbits were dosages 10 and 20 times normal. Ten days of observation saw no side effect. 2. Oral treatment on bovine, swine and poultry showed a curing rate of 82.00∼89.06%(Mean 86.00%), compared with 87.27∼96.36%(Mean 92.24%) by Injection. 3. The curing rate was 81.92% by the fourth treatment. 4. The curing rate with and without the use of adjuvant was 80.00∼100% and 83.60∼93. 10%, respectively, for swine, and 81.82∼100% and 82.00∼97.14% for bovine. 5. The curing rate was more dependent on seriousness of illness, environment and time than age. 6. The main disease causing bacteria of bovine respiratory diseases： Haemolytic Sta 27.62%, Haemolytic Str 33.33%, sum of this bacteria is 60.95%, diarrhea: Haemolytic coliform 80.20%, swine respiratory diseases； Haemophilus Spp 20.95%, Haemolytic Sta 72%, Haemolytic Str 21.90%, Sum of these bacteria is 68.57％, diarrhea; Haemolytic coliform 57.26%, poultry respiratory diseases； mycoplasma Spp 29.52%, Haemolytic Sta 13.33％, Sum of this bacteria is 42.85%, diarrhea； Haemolytic coliform 53.00%. 7. The curing rate of norfloxacin by species of strain, the unidentified bacteria on bovine respiratory diseases was the lowest with 77.78％, the others ranged from 84.21％ to 100％ with most of them over 90%. 8. The loss of clinical sign on bovine and swine was the highest when after 2∼4 application. 9. In terms of antibiotic sensitivity test, norfloxacin was the highest with 84.62∼100％ (mean 90.09％) among eight bacterias, only 5 of 15 antibiotics had a sensitivity of over 56.25%, showing a high degree of tolerance.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.991-996
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• 2003

김밥 원료 및 김밥 보존 중의 일반 호기성세균과 대장균군의 분포를 측정하고 감마선 조사에 의한 김밥의 위생성 및 보존성 개선 가능성을 살펴보았다. 김밥 원료 중 미생물 오염이 가장 큰 것은 김이었으며 비가열 채소인 오이의 오염가능성도 높았으나 실제로 김밥에 오염된 미생물의 대부분은 제조과정에서 환경으로부터 유입되었다. 김밥의 보존 중 일반세균의 생장은 밥과 계란에서 가장 높았으며 대장균군의 생장은 동물성 원료인 계란과 햄에서 현저하였다. 김밥의 감마선 조사에서 일반세균은 2kGy 이상의 선량에서 2∼4 log cycle 수준으로 감소하였으며 대장균군은 2 kGy 이상의 선량에서 대부분 사멸되었다. 감마선 조사선량에 따른 김밥의 관능평가 결과 3 kGy 조사구는 대조구에 비하여 관능적인 선호도가 현저히 낮았으며 2 kGy 조사구는 감마선 조사 직후 대조구에 비하여 다소 선호도가 낮았으나 15$^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 보존 후에도 안정적인 관능특성을 나타내었다. 따라서 김밥의 위생성 및 보존성 개선을 위하여 2 kGy의 감마선 조사가 적정 수준인 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제6권3_4호
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• pp.87-91
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• 1973

현재 우리나라에서 시판되고 있는 수산 건제품에 대한 위생지표 세균의 오염도를 파악하고 나아가서 식품의 위생관리에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자 1970년 9일부터 12월까지 부산시 남포동 건어물 시장과 충무동 어패류 처리조합에서 건제품 21종을 수집하여 위생지표 세균인 대장균군, 분변계대장균, 분변계연쇄상구균, 장구균 및 일반생균수를 시험하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 전 식품을 통하여 fecal strepococci나 enterococci는 coliform group이나 fecal coliform MPN보다 훨씬 높았다. 3, 일반적으로 enterococci MPN은 대부분 1,000이상이었으며 fecal coliform MPN은 18이하였다. 3. 대장균군의 중앙치는 78이었으며 분변계연쇄상구균은 3,300이었고 일반생균수의 중앙처는 $9.9\times10^4$이었다. 4. 일반적으로 사람의 손과 접촉이 많은 제품은 다른 제품에 비하여 세균 오염도가 높았다. 5. 해조류의 세균 오염도는 어패류나 연체류에 비하여 매우 낮았다. 6, 각 위생지표 세균과 일반 생균수 사이에는 일정한 상관관계는 없었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.26.1-26.7
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• 2019

Background: The monitoring of pathogens of fishery auction markets is important to obtain safe fishery products regarding hygiene and sanitation. In this study, aerobic, coliform, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae were monitored in the fishery products and environmental samples obtained from fishery auction markets. Methods: The fishery products (flounder, octopus, skate, rock cod, sea bass, snail, monkfish, flatfish, comb pen shell, corb shell, conger eel, hairtail, croaker, and pilchard) were placed in filter bags, and the environmental samples (samples from the water tanks at the fishery auction markets, seawater from the fishery distribution vehicles, ice from wooden or plastic boxes, and surface samples from wooden and plastic boxes used for fish storage) were collected. Aerobic bacteria, E. coli, and coliform in the samples were enumerated on aerobic count plates and E. coli/coliform count plates, respectively. For V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae non-O1 quantification, most probable number (MPN)-PCR analysis was performed. Results: Aerobic and coliform bacteria were detected in most samples, but E. coli was not detected. Wooden boxes were contaminated with high levels of aerobic and coliform bacteria in all seasons (spring, summer, and fall). During fall, V. cholerae non-O1 were detected in snails, hairtails, croakers, flatfishes, pilchards, plastic boxes, and water samples. Conclusions: These results indicate an increased prevalence of V. cholerae contamination in fishery products in fall, including food contact samples, which can be vehicles for cross-contamination.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.161-165
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• 2008

This study was performed for the purpose of monitoring monthly levels of two pathogenic microorganisms, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, from November 2005 to August 2007 in Sangsa Lake. Water temperatures, pH and DO fluctuated seasonally at the study site. Annual mean values of BOD, COD and SS were $0.8\;mg\;L^{-1}$, $2.3\;mg\;L^{-1}$ and $1.9\;mg\;L^{-1}$ respectively. Although there was distinct seasonal variation in water chemistry and chlorophyll $\underline{a}$ concentration, the lake generally contains low concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll $\underline{a}$. The relative abundance of coliform bacteria was always greater than that of fecal coliform. The fecal coliform bacteria comprised $8.5{\sim}22.1%$ of total coliform bacteria. Seasonal analysis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia levels in the study site showed that in winter (November through February), Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were most abundant ($1.1{\sim}1.8\;{\times}\;10\;cells\;L^{-1}$ and $3.8{\sim}5.1\;{\times}\;10\;cells\;L^{-1}$, respectively), while in summer (July through September) the abundance was lowest ($0.0{\sim}0.3\;{\times}\;10\;cells\;L^{-1}$ and $0.9{\sim}2.9\;{\times}\;10\;cells\;L^{-1}$, respectively). Molecular identification revealed two subtypes of Cyrptosporidium parvum in Sangsa Lake.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.98-103
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• 2004

To evaluate the quality of drinking water and contamination sources in a rural community, this study was carried out on the summer of 2003 at Shin-Dong Myun, Chun-Cheon, Gang-Won province. Seventy three drinking water samples were collected from three different types of water supply systems. Sources of contamination were identified and the public perception of water quality area were evaluated. The findings of this study are as follows; Drinking water was mainly obtained from Local Water and Simple Piped Water Supply Systems, and pollution sources varied over the study area. Most of residents (＞63%) were satisfied with the quality of drinking water and could not identify any contamination sources. Corresponding to this perception, measured water quality parameters generally met the Drinking Water Quality Standards (＞64%). However, approximately 35.6% of samples exceeded the regulation for Nㅒ$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N, coliform, and general bacteria. The water quality was significantly different among the three water supply systems, and between the potentially contaminated areas and the rest of the areas (p＜0.05). In the potentially contaminated areas, the levels of coliform and general bacteria contamination were significantly higher than the rest of the areas (p＜0.05). The coliform and general bacteria values of Simple Piped Water were significantly higher than Own Piped Water＇s, and the NO$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N values of Own Piped Water were significantly higher than those of water＇s (p＜0.05). Based on this study, NO$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N, coliform, and general bacteria were identified as a major problem of drinking water. To regularly manage drinking water supply systems, to identify contamination sources, and to add drainage systems are required in the study area.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제17권
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• pp.249-254
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• 1997

Photocatalytic reaction using $TiO_2$ thin film was applied for the inactivation of coliform bacteria and the degradation of formic acid. UV processes coupled with and without $TiO_2$ were tested for the river water samples. It took 5 and 15 minutes, respectively, to obtain 99% destruction of coliform bacteria in the total coliform test, which demonstrated the effectiveness of the photocatalytic reaction. Complete degradation of formic acid determined by TOC analysis was observed in 20 minutes by ozone/photocatalysis, while formic acid was degraded as little as about 20% during the first 100 minutes by ozone treatment alone. When ozone was supplied to the $TiO_2/UV$ system, however, it provided a synergetic effect for the degradation of formic acid.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.248-259
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Contaminated water was a major source of food-borne pathogens in various recent fresh produce-related outbreaks. This study was conducted to investigate the microbial contamination level and correlations between the level of sanitary indicator bacteria and the detection ratio of pathogens in agricultural water by logistic regression analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Agricultural water was collected from 457 sites including surface water (n=300 sites) and groundwater (n=157 sites) in South Korea from 2018 to 2020. Sanitary indicator bacteria (total coliform, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli) and food-borne pathogens (pathogenic E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes) were analyzed. In surface water, the coliform, fecal coliform, and E. coli were 3.27±0.89 log CFU/100 mL, 1.90±1.19 log CFU/100 mL, and 1.39±1.26 log CFU/100 mL, respectively. For groundwater, three kinds of sanitary indicators ranged in the level from 0.09 - 0.57 log CFU/100 mL. Pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were detected from 3%-site, 1.5%- site, and 0.6%-site water samples, respectively. According to the results of correlations between the level of sanitary indicator bacteria and the detection ratio of pathogens by logistic regression analysis, the probability of pathogen detection increased individually by 1.45 and 1.34 times as each total coliform and E. coli concentration increased by 1 log CFU/100mL. The accuracy of the model was 70.4%, and sensitivity and specificity were 81.5% and 51.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): The results indicate the need to manage the microbial risk of agricultural water to enhance the safety of fresh produce. In addition, logistic regression analysis is useful to analyze the correlation between the level of sanitary indicator bacteria and the detection ratio of pathogens in agricultural water.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2012

In coastal areas that are affected by continuous, seasonal or occasional pollution sources, bivalves accumulate biological contaminants such as pathogenic bacteria. We investigated the effect of natural seawater relaying and electrolyzed seawater depuration on the bacteriological quality of artificially contaminated oysters Crassostrea gigas and short-necked clams Ruditapes philippinarum to suggest an alternative method of shellfish sanitation control.When artificially contaminated oysters and short-necked clams (fecal coliform level 1,700 MPN/100 g) were relayed into a sea area of safe bacteriological water quality, the fecal coliform level dropped to below 110 MPN/100 g after 1 day. The bacteriological quality of oysters and short-necked clams that are contaminated at a fecal coliform level of 1,700 MPN/100 g could be improved, and become appropriate for raw consumption by a single day relay under proper environmental conditions. When artificially contaminated oysters (fecal coliform level 330 MPN/100 g) were depurated with electrolyzed seawater, 94% of fecal coliform was eliminated after 12 h and fecal coliform was undetectable after 24 h. After 24 h depuration with electrolyzed seawater, the fecal coliform level of short-necked clams with initial fecal coliform of 2,400 MPN/100 g was below 20 MPN/100 g. However, the fecal coliform level of short-necked clams with initial fecal coliform of 17,000 MPN/100 g was relatively high, at 790 MPN/100 g, even after 24 h of depuration with electrolyzed seawater, because of the repeated cycle of excretion and accumulation of fecal coliform in shellfish tissue under the closed depuration environment. Such natural seawater relaying and electrolyzed seawater depuration can be restrictively applied to improve or secure the bacteriological quality of oysters and short-necked clams in accordance with safety levels for bivalves for raw consumption.