• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.148.2-149
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• 2003

Cucumber fruit mottle mosaic tobamovirus (CFMMV) causes severe mosaic symptoms with yellow mottling on leaves and fruits, and occasionally severe wilting of cucumber plants. No genetic source of resistance against this virus has been identified. The genes coding for the coat protein or the putative 54-kDa replicase were cloned into binary vectors under control of the SVBV promoter. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was peformed on cotyledon explants of a parthenocarpic cucumber cultivar with superior competence for transformation. R1 seedlings were evaluated for resistance to CFMMV infection by lack of symptom expression, back inoculation on an alternative host and ELISA. From a total of 14 replicase-containing R1 lines, 8 exhibited immunity, while only 3 resistant lines were found among a total of 9 CP-containing lines. Line 144 homozygous for the 54-kDa replicase was selected for further resistance analysis. Line 144 was immune to CFMMV infection by mechanical and graft inoculation, or by root infection following planting in CFMMV-contaminated soil. Additionally, line 144 showed delay of symptom appearance following infection by other cucurbit-infecting tobamoviruses. Infection of line 144 plants with various potyviruses and cucumber mosaic cucumovirus did not break the resistance to CFMMV. The mechanism of resistance of line 144 appears to be RNA-mediated, however the means is apparently different from the gene silencing phenomenon. Homozygote line 144 cucumber as rootstock demonstrated for the first time protection of a non-transformed scion from soil inoculation with a soil borne pathogen, CFMMV.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.141.2-142
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• 2003

A flexuous rod-shaped virus was isolated from Cucurbita pepo leaves showing green mosaic and puckering symptoms at Anseong, Korea. Based on the biological tests, electron microscopy, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the isolate was identified as Papaya ringspot virus type Watermelon (PRSV-W). In the biological test, host range of PRSV-W was limited in the families Cucurbitaceae and Chenopodiaceae. Most susceptible cucurbit species, such as Cucurmis lanatus, Cucurmis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, and Citrullus lanatus, responded to mechanical inoculation by PRSV-W that induce green mosaic, malformation, puckering, and narrow laminae. The local lesion symptoms were produced on the inoculated leaves of Chenopodium maranticolor and C. quinoa PRSV specific primers which amplifies the part of the coat protein (CP) genes, generated a 648 bp product from 6 isolates of PRSV-W, but no amplification had been detected in other viruses including CMV, CGMMV, KGMMV, ZYMV and WMV. In electron microscopy, PRSV particles were flexuous, approximately 780 nm in length and 12 nm in width. PRSV-W is one of the worldwide viruses which has the great economic importance in cucumber, melon, squash, watermelon, and other cultivated cucurbits with ZYMV and WMV. This is the first report of PRSV-W on cucurbits in Korea.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.486-493
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• 2023

Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) is a global plant virus that poses a threat to the production and quality of legume crops. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective managing CPMMV outbreaks. With the advancement in isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification and lateral flow strips technologies, more rapid and sensitive methods have become available for detecting this pathogen. In this study, we have developed a reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow strips (RT-RPA-LFS) method for the detection of CPMMV, specifically targeting the CPMMV coat protein (CP) gene. The RT-RPA-LFS assay only requires 20 min at 40℃ and demonstrates high specificity. Its detection limit was 10 copies/µl, which is approximately up to 100 times more sensitive than RT-PCR on agarose gel electrophoresis. The developed RT-RPA-LFS method offers a rapid, convenient, and sensitive approach for field detection of CPMMV, which contribute to controlling the spread of the virus.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.94-99
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• 2023

Blueberry red ringspot virus (BRRSV) and blueberry scorch virus (BlScV) are included in the quarantine virus list managed by the Korean Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with an internal control was developed for the simultaneous detection of both viruses. The specific primers used here were designed based on the highly conserved regions of the genomic sequences of each virus, obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information nucleotide databases. The primers were designed to amplify a partial sequence within coat protein (CP) for detecting BRRSV and a partial sequence within the CP-16 kDa for detecting BlScV. 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was used as internal control, and the primer set used in a previous study was modified in this study for detecting 18S rRNA. Each conventional PCR using the BRRSV, BlScV, and 18S rRNA primers exhibited a sensitivity of approximately 1 fg plasmid DNA. The multiplex PCR assay using the BRRSV, BlScV, and 18S rRNA primers was effective in simultaneously detecting the two viruses and 18S rRNA with a sensitivity of 1 fg plasmid DNA, similar to that of conventional PCR assays. The multiplex PCR assay developed in this study was performed using 14 blueberry cultivars grown in South Korea. BRRSV and BlScV were not detected, but 18S rRNA was all detected in all the plants tested. Therefore, our optimized multiplex PCR assay could simultaneously detect the two viruses and 18S rRNA in field samples collected from South Korea in a time-efficient manner. This approach could be valuable in crop protection and plant quarantine management.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.193-193
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• 2022

Cowpea(Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) has a low fat and protein content and a relatively high starch content, so it is mainly used in various ways for song-pyeon sediment, rice-cake paste, and porridge. In Yeonggwang-gun, Jeollanam-do, cowpea for seed production is being cultivated for the localization of raw material for Rice cake with ramie leave. A cowpea variety 'Jang-Alchan' was improved from the cross between IT145373 and IT145391 at the JARES in 2019. 'Jang-alchan' has an erect plant with an intermediate plant habit, light purple-colored corolla, and heart-shaped leaflets. 'Jang-alchan' has an orange-yellow seed seed-surface of faint luster, and brown and straight pods when matured. The stem length of 'Jang-alchan' was 48cm, 9cm longer than that of the control cultivar 'Okdang' and the 100-seed weight was 14.1g. The weight ratio of the seed coat for the entire seed was 11.2%, which was 0.2%p lower than that of the control cultivar. Field resistance of 'Jang-alchan' to leaf and systemic diseases was similar to that of the control cultivar. Is field resistance of 'Jang-alchan' to lodging was slightly lower than that of the control cultivar. The average yield of 'Jang-alchan' was 1.85ton per hectare, which was 14% higher than that of the control cultivar 'Okdang', 'Jang-Alchan' does not require the installation of an espalier-net and is taller than the existing supplied 'Okdang', so it can be harvested by combine harvesting. In addition, it is expected to contribute to the localization of raw material grains for regional specialties as it can be cultivated over a large area.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.390-398
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• 2024

The Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis syn. S. sieboldii) is a widely cultivated crop, and its rhizome is used as a medicinal vegetable. To investigate the causes of viral diseases in Chinese artichokes, the infection rates of four virus species infecting Chinese artichoke were investigated. Since the Chinese artichoke propagates through its tuber, this study aimed to determine whether viral transmission to the progeny is possible through the tuber, by identifying the virus present in the tuber and investigating its accumulation. First, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to detect viruses using total RNA extracted from the flowers, leaves, and tubers of Chinese artichoke plants. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Chinese artichoke mosaic virus (ChAMV) had high infectivity in Chinese artichoke and most plants were simultaneously infected with AMV and ChAMV. These viruses were present in all tissues, but their detection frequency and accumulation rates varied across different tissues of the Chinese artichoke. Also, we sequenced the coat protein (CP) genes of AMV and ChAMV to investigate genetic variations of virus between the leaf and tuber. It provides information on CP gene sequences and genetic diversity of isolates identified from new hosts of AMV and ChAMV. This study offers valuable insights into the distribution and spread of the ChAMV and AMV within Chinese artichoke plants, which have implications for the management and control of viral infections in crops.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.171-182
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• 2018

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the crops widely planted in tropical and subtropical areas. The papaya fruit has low calories and are plentiful in vitamins A and C and in minerals. A major problem in papaya production is a plant disease caused by the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The first PRSV-resistant GM papaya expressing a PRSV coat protein gene was developed by USA scientists in 1992. The first commercial GM papaya cultivars derived from the event was approved by the US government in 1997. Development of transgenic papayas has been focused on vaccine production and limited agricultural traits, including insect and pathogen resistance, long shelf life, and aluminum and herbicide tolerance. Approximately 17 countries, including the USA and China, produced transgenic papayas and/or commercialized them, which provoked studies on biosafety assessment and development of GM-detection technologies. For the biosafety assessment of potential effects on human health, effects of long-term feeding to model animals have been studied in terms of toxicity and allergenicity. Studies on environmental safety assessment include influence on soil-microbial biodiversity and transfer to soil bacteria of GM selection markers. Many countries, such as Korea, the European Union, and Japan, that have strict regulations for GM crops have serious concerns about unintended introduction of GM cultivars and food commodities using unauthorized GM crops. Transgene- and/or GM event-specific molecular markers and technologies for genomics-based detection of unauthorized GM papaya have been developed and have resulted in the robust detection of GM papayas.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.308-318
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• 2013

Korean soybean varieties, 'Seonyu' and 'Hwangkeum' were planted in 2012, and three temperature gradient, Tc($19.8^{\circ}C$, ambient temperatured), $Tc+1.7^{\circ}C$, and $Tc+2.5^{\circ}C$, were artificially created by controlling the green house system during seed filling period. Mature seeds that developed under these conditions were analyzed for variances in physicochemical properties. The 100-seed weight and seed-coat ratio of soybean were decreased, but small seed rate was increased by high temperature during seed filling period. Protein content was increased, but oil content was decreased significantly with increasing the seed filling temperature. The decrement of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), and the increment of monosaccharide, fructose and sucrose, in seeds explained that carbohydrate assimilation during seed filling was restricted by high temperature. Rapid increments of seed volume and weight were observed in the seeds of high seed filling temperature, but as soaking time increased the highest values were observed in the seeds of ambient seed filling temperature. The 100-seed weight and seed-coat ratio of soybean were closely related not only to the increment of soaking volume and weight, but also the increments of total dissolved solids (TDS) and electro conductivity (EC). Whereas protein content and C/N ratio showed less relationship with the soaking properties, but they had a positive correlation with TDS and EC. From the results, it was considered that high values of TDS and EC in the seeds of high temperature were mainly due to the incomplete conversion of assimilates into storage compounds. However, sugar content showed less influence on the soaking properties and the values of TDS and EC.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.265-270
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• 2006

Cultivated hot pepper crops showing severe mosaic symptom were found in Korea in 2004 and their causal agent was identified as Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). These pepper crops was resistant to the virus in the filled, and they belonged to pathotype 0 (P0) resistant pepper. Resistance screening of selected pepper plants showed that a pepper isolate of CMV was the P0 resistance-breaking virus. This P0 resistance-breaking isolate of CMV, named as Ca-P1, was isolated from leaves of the virus-infected Capsicum annuum cv. Manidda that showed systemic severe mosaic symptom. Ca-P1-CMV could induce systemic mosaic symptoms on P0-susceptible (P0-S) and P0-resistant (P0-R) cultivars whereas an ordinary strain (Fny-CMV) could not infect P0-R. This result suggests that Ca-P1-CMV can overcome P0 resistant pepper cultivars. To analyze its genome sequence, the complete nucleotide sequence of RNA3 of Ca-P1-CMV was determined from the infectious full-length cDNA clone of the virus. RNA3 of Ca-P1-CMV consisted of 2,219 nucleotides. Overall sequence homology of RNA3-encoded two viral proteins (movement protein and coat protein) revealed high similarity (75.2-97.2%) with the known CMV strains. By sequence analysis with known representative strains of CMV, Ca-P1-CMV belongs to a typical member of CMV subgroup IB. The resistance and resistance-breaking mechanisms of pepper and counterpart CMV, respectively, remain to be investigated, which will enrich the genetic resources and accelerate CMV-resistant pepper breeding programs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.256-269
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• 2011

Omega-3 fatty acids are a specific type of unsaturated fat that the body cannot manufacture on its own, so they must be obtained from food which is essential fatty acids (EFAs). Omega-3 fatty acids consist of three types which are a-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic (ELA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Especially, EFAs help to prevent skin and hair drying, acne, eczema, prevention from allergies, brittle nails, rashes, and tiny lumps. The aim of this study is to investigate improvement and protection for hair damaged by chemical treatment with omega-3 formulated shampoo. We selected virgin hair sample and divided into two groups for bleaching once and three times and then damaged hair by changing the number of hair bleaching (twice with interval of 15 minutes). Each bleached hair was treated by five different kinds of shampoo (Control, Horse shampoo, DHA shampoo, EPA shampoo, Omega-3 shampoo mixture). Apart from this, EPA/DHA 2, 5, 8, 10 and 12% shampoo were prepared and treated to hair for comparing rate of progress in damaged hair. To quantify improved condition of damaged hair, we performed Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for ultrastructure of damaged hair fraction, measurement of thickness change and BCA Protein Assay for recovery rate of damaged hair. The moisture in hair was measured by Thermal analysis machine. In results, we observed the particle of hair surface damaged by bleaching treatment were well improved with treatment with EPA and DHA shampoo. Also, quantity of protein was lowered with higher concentration of EPA & DHA i.e., 8 and 12 % then compared with horse oil shampoo in three times treatment group. It shows that bleached hair have been recovered by treating rapidly and get protective coat. In conclusion, EPA and DHA shampoo improved damaged hair, especially with EPA / DHA 12% shampoo. Also, EPA shampoo could protect the damaged hair depending on increasing concentration of EPA. Therefore, we conclude omega-3 shampoo could make damaged hair protect and get healthy hair environment.