• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.286-296
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the macrobenthic community structure and spatiotemporal variations in Uljin Marine Ranching area, East Sea of Korea. Macrobenthos were collected using a modified van Veen grab sampler from April to September 2013. Total number of species sampled was 345 and mean density was 5,797 ind. $m^{-2}$, both of which were dominated by the polychaetes. The most dominant species were Spiophanes bombyx (53.64%), followed by Magelona sp.1 (6.96%), Cadella semitorta (2.73%), Lumbrineris longifolia (2.16%) and Alvenius ojianus (2.08%). Cluster analysis and nMDS ordination analysis based on the Bray-Curtis similarity identified 2 station groups. The group 1 (station 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9) was characterized by high abundance of the polychaetes Magelona sp.1, Lumbrineris longifolia, Scoloplos armiger, Praxillella affinis, Maldane cristata and the bivalve Alvenius ojianus, with fine sediment above 30m water depth. On the other hand, the group 2 (station 1, 4, 7 and 10) was numerically dominated by the polychaete Lumbrineriopsis sp. and the bivalve Cadella semitorta, with coarse sediment below 5m water depth. Collectively, the macrobenthic community structure showed a distinct spatial trend, which seemed to be related to the water depth and sediment composition.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.124-133
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• 2009

The study was performed to investigate the community structure of macrobenthic fauna during June 2005, in Hallyeohaesang National Park from Korea Strait. A total of 284 macrobenthic fauna were collected. The overall average macrobenthic density and biomass were 2,002 individuals m$^{-2}$ and 154.92 gWWt m$^{-2}$, respectively. Based on the Lebris (1988) index, there were 20 species accounting for approximately 47.64% of total individuals. And the highest densities were found in the polychaetes Scoletoma longifolia, Isolda pulchella, Mediomastus californiensis, Minuspio multibranchia, Tharyx sp. 1 and the bivalve Theora fragilis. On the other hand, the top twenty species made up 70.47% of the total biomass while the three most abundant, the echinoderms Schizaster lacunosus, Amphiura vadicola and the bivalve Fulvia mutica. The conventional multivariate statistics (cluster analysis and non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling) applied to assess spatial variation in macrobenthic assemblages. As a result of cluster analysis and nMDS ordination, this study area was divided into two different groups of stations and species. In case of station, there are two groups: one is a mud dominated station group and the other is dead shell and sand dominated group. And the 2 faunistic groups were established as follows: 1) a group of relatively higher abundances in mud dominated sediment. There were numerically dominated by the polychaetes Magelona japonica, Sternaspis scutata, Paraprionospio pinnata, Tharyx sp. 1 and the amphipods Monocorophium sinense and Eriopisella sechellensis. 2) a group of relatively higher densities dead shell and sand dominated sediment. These groups were characterized by the polychaetes I. pulchella, M. multibranchiata, the amphipods M. acherusicum, Gammaropsis japonicus and the echinoderm A. vadicola.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.272-286
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the community structure and health assessment of macrobenthic assemblages in Cheonsu Bay, West Coast of Korea. Total species number was 224 and mean density was $1,940ind./m^2$, both of which were dominated by polychaete worms (111 species and $1,213ind./m^2$). In terms of density, the major dominant species were the bivalve Theora fragilis ($280{\pm}213ind./m^2$), the polychaetes Heteromastus filiformis ($254{\pm}218ind./m^2$), Lumbrineris longifolia ($216{\pm}41ind./m^2$), Mediomastus californiensis ($158{\pm}97ind./m^2$) and the amphipod Eriopisella sechellensis ($167{\pm}100ind./m^2$). As a result of community statistics (cluster analysis and nMDS ordination), the macrobenthic community structure was classified two major groups (inner and mouth of bay) and two stations (station 2 near Ganwol dyke in spring and summer). The Benthic Pollution Index (BPI) and AZTI's Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) were applied to assess the benthic ecological status. During the sampling periods, the BPI Index values varied between 11 (bad status) and 92 (high status). On the other hand, the AMBI Index values was ranged between 1.34 (good status) and 4.39 (poor status). In conclusion, in terms of the mean BPI and AMBI Index values, the ecological status of Cheonsu Bay were moderate status (ecotone stage) and good status, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.277-287
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• 1996

Objective : It has been proposed that cognition and related aspects of mental functioning are decreased in depression as well as in alcoholism. The objective of the study was to compare behavioral side effects of paroxetine and amitriptyline in depressed patients accompanied by alcoholism. The focused comparisons were drug effects concerning psychomotor performance, cognitive function, sleep and daytime sleepiness during the first 2 weeks of treatment. Methods : After an alcohol detoxification period(3 weeks) and a washout period(1 week), a total of 20 male inpatients with alcohol use disorder (DSM-IV), who also had a major depressive episode(DSM-IV), were treated double-blind with paroxetine 20mg/day(n=10) or amitriptyline 25mg/day(n=10) for 2 weeks. All patients were required to have a scare of at least 18 respectively on bath the Hamilton Rating Scale far Depression(HAM-D) and Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) at pre-drug baseline. Patients randomized to paroxetine received active medication in the morning and placebo in the evening whereas those randomized to amitriptyline received active medication in the evening and placebo in the morning. All patients performed the various tasks in a test battery at baseline and at days 3, 7 and 14. The test battery included : critical flicker fusion threshold for sensory information processing capacity : choice reaction time for gross psychomotor performance : tracking accuracy and latency of response to peripheral stimulus as a measure of line sensorimotor co-ordination and divided attention : digit symbol substitution as a measure of sustained attention and concentration. To rate perceived sleep and daytime sleepiness, 10cm line Visual analogue scales were employed at baseline and at days 3, 7 and 14. The subjective rating scales were adapted far this study from Leeds sleep Evaluation Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. In addition a comprehensive side effect assessment, using the UKU side effect rating scale, was carried out at baseline and at days 7 and 14. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated using HAM-D, BDI and clinical global impression far severity and improvement at days 7 and 14. Results : The pattern of results indicated thai paroxetine improved performance an mast of the lest variables and also improved sleep with no effect on daytime sleepiness aver the study period. In contrast, amitriptyline produced disruption of performance on same tests and improved sleep with increased daytime sleepiness in particular at day 3. On the UKU side effect rating scale, mare side effects were registered an amitriptyline. The therapeutic efficacy was observed in favor of paroxetine early in day 7. Conclusion : These results demonstrated thai paroxetine in much better than amitriptyline for the treatment of depressed patients accompained by alcoholism at least in terms of behavioral safety and tolerability, furthermore the results may assist in explaining the therapeutic outcome of paroxetine. For example, and earlier onset of antidepressant action of paroxetine may be caused by early improved cognitive function or by contributing to good compliance with treatment.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-44
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of two different kicks, the drop kick and the punt kick, into the kicking motion, through the kinetic comparative analysis of the kicking motion, which is conducted when one kicks a soccer goal. To grasp kinetic changing factors, which is performed by individual's each body segment, I connected kicking motions, which were analyzed by a two dimension co-ordination, into the personal computer to concrete the digits of it and smoothed by 10Hz. Using the smoothed data, I found a needed kinematical data by inputting an analytical program into the computer. The result of comparative analysis of two kicking motions can be summarized as below. 1. There was not a big difference between the time of the loading phase and the time of the swing phase, which can affect the exact impact and the angle of balls aviation direction. 2. The two kicks were not affected the timing and the velocity of the kicking leg's segment. 3. In the goal kick motion, the maximum velocity timing of the kicking leg's lower segment showed the following orders: the thigh(-0.06sec), the lower leg(-0.05sec), the foot(-0.018sec) in the drop kick, and the thigh(-0.06sec), the lower leg(-0.05sec), the foot(-0.015sec) in the punt kick. It showed that whipping motion increases the velocity of the foot at the time of impact. 4. At the time of impact, there was not a significant difference in the supporting leg's knee and ankle. When one does the punt kick, the subject spreads out his hip joint more at the time of impact. 5. When the impact performed, kicking leg's every segment was similar. Because the height of the ball is higher in the punt kick than in the drop kick, the subject has to stretch the knees more when he kicks a ball, so there is a significant affect on the angle and the distance of the ball's flying. 6. When one performs the drop kick, the stride is 0.02m shorter than the punt kick, and the ratio of height of the drop kick is 0.05 smaller than the punt kick. This difference greatly affects the center of the ball, the supporting leg's location, and the location of the center of gravity with the center of the ball at the time of impact. 7. Right before the moment of the impact, the center of gravity was located from the center of the ball, the height of the drop kick was 0.67m ratio of height was 0.37, and the height of the punt kick was 0.65m ratio of height was 0.36. The drop kick was located more to the back 0.21m ratio of height was 0.12, the punt kick was located more to the back 0.28m ratio of height was 0.16. 8. There was not a significant difference in the absolute angle of incidence and the maximum distance, but the absolute velocity of incidence showed a significant difference. This difference is caused from that whether players have the time to perform of not; the drop kick is used when the players have time to perform, and punt kick is used when the players launch a shifting attack. 9. The surface reaction force of the supporting leg had some relation with the approaching angle. Vertical reaction force (Fz) showed some differences in the two movements(p<0.05). The maximum force of the right and left surface reaction force (Fx) didn't have much differences (p<0.05), but it showed the tendency that the maximum force occurs before the peak force of the front and back surface (Fy) occurs.