• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.581-585
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• 2019

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to examine archaeoparasitological specimens from coprolites associated with La Cueva de los Muertos Chiquitos (CMC) located near present-day Durango, Mexico. The eggs for 4 different types of parasites recovered from CMC coprolites were imaged using CLSM to assist with identification efforts. While some of the parasite eggs recovered from CMC coprolites were readily identified using standard light microscopy (LM), CLSM provided useful data for more challenging identifications by highlighting subtle morphological features and enhancing visualization of parasite egg anatomy. While other advanced microscopy techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), may also detect cryptic identifying characters, CLSM is less destructive to the specimens. Utilizing CLSM allows for subsequent examinations, such as molecular analyses, that cannot be performed following SEM sample preparation and imaging. Furthermore, CLSM detects intrinsic autofluorescence molecules, making improved identification independent of resource and time-intensive protocols. These aspects of CLSM make it an excellent method for assisting in taxonomic identification and for acquiring more detailed images of archaeoparasitological specimens.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2012

A carboxymethyl cellulase gene, cel5B, was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. pRCS20 in E. coli was identified from metagenomic cosmid library of cow rumen for cellulase activity on a carboxymethyl cellulose agar plates. Cosmid clone (RCS20) was partially digested with Sau3AI, ligated into BamHI site of pBluescript II SK+ vector, and transformed into E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$. The insert DNA of 1.3 kb was obtained, designated cel5B, which has the activity of hydrolyzation of CMC. The cel5B gene had an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,059 bp encoding 352 amino acids with a signal peptide of 48 amino acids and the conserved region, VIYEIYNEPL, belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase family 5. The molecular mass of Cel5B protein expressed from E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$ exhibited to be about 34 kDa by CMC-SDS-PAGE. The optimal pH was 8.0, and the optimal temperature was about $50^{\circ}C$ for its enzymatic activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.653-658
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• 2003

It has been reported that at low temperature region, poloxamers existed as a monomer. Upon warming, an equilibrium between unimers and micelles was established, and finally micelle aggregates were formed at higher temperature. In this study, the fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study the micelle formation of the poloxamer 407 in aqueous solution. The excitation and emission spectra of pyrene, a fluorescence probe, were measured as a function of the concentration of poloxamer 407 and temperature. A blue shift in the emission spectrum and a red shift in the excitation spectrum were observed as pyrene transferred from an aqueous to a hydrophobic micellar environment. From the $I_1/I_3 and I_{339}/I_{333}$ results, critical micelle concentration (cmc) and critical micelle temperature (cmt) were determined. Also, from the fluorescence spectra of the probe molecules such as 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid and 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde, the blue shift of the $\lambda_{max}$ was observed. These results suggest a decrease in the polarity of the microenvironment around probe because of micelle formation. The poloxamer 407 above cmc strongly complexed with hydrophobic fluorescent probes and the binding constant of complex increased with increasing the hydrophobicity of the probe.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.584-590
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• 2023

In this study, we focus on the recycling of cardboard waste and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and its conversion into a biodegradable film. Sodium alginate (SA) was added to form a biodegradable composite film. SA was used to increase film permeability. Glycerol, which is a plasticizer, was used to increase the tensile strength (TS) and film expansion. To characterize the CMC, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used. The addition of olive oil to the CMC-SA matrix highlighted its antimicrobial property against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). A slight decrease in tensile strength was observed with the addition of olive oil (OO), which improved the functional properties of the control films as well as lowered moisture content and water solubility. But considering all other factors, the composite films obtained from sugarcane bagasse and cardboard waste incorporated with olive oil are suitable for applications in the field of food packaging.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.443-450
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• 2023

SiC/SiC_f CMC is vulnerable to water vapor corrosion at a high temperature of 1500℃. So, EBC (Environmental Barrier Coating) materials are required to protect Si-based CMCs. Ytterbium silicates are reported to have coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) similar to that of the base material, such as SiC/SiC_f CMC. When the EBC are materials exposed to high temperature environment, the interface between ytterbium silicates and SiC/SiC_f CMC is not separated, and the coating purpose can be safely achieved. For the perspective of EBC applications, thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer with different CTE is formed by the reaction with water vapor in EBC, which leads to a decrease in life time. In this study, we prepare two types of ytterbium silicates to observe the corrosion behavior during the expose to high temperature and water vapor. In order to observe this behavior, the steam-jet furnace is prepared. In addition, phase formation of these ytterbium silicates is analyzed with microstructures by the before/after steam-jet evaluation at 1500℃ for 100 h.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 1999

A bacterium producing the extracellular cellulase was isolated from cattle feces and screened as cellulase activity was excellent upon congo red straining method and activity measurements. Isolate was identified as Bacillus subtilis CH-10 on the basis of morphological and biochemical properties as well as cellular fatty acids composition. The enzyme which the isolate secretes had the optimum initial pH and temperature for its induction was 7.5 and 50${\circ}C$, respectively. The maximum CMCase activity in crude enzyme solution was observed at pH 7.5 and 75${\circ}C$ and was stable for pH 7.5 to 9.0 to maintain 70% activity. When the isolate was cultured in CMC media at 37${\circ}C$ for 24 hrs, CMCase and FPase activity was 1.13 U/㎖and 0.16U/㎖, respectively whereas Avicelase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity was not detected. When crude supernatant was used for zymogram, three major bands, cel 1, cel 2 and cel 3, were detected approximately 39, 41 and 57 KDa, respectively on CMC-SDS-PAGE.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.260-268
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• 2005

A heat-resisting diatomite protection tube, using diatomite as a main component, was manufactured through an extrusion molding of ceramic slurry in different component ratios. And its mechanical strength, carbon analysis and microstructural non-homogeneity were investigated. After fixing $60wt\%$ of porous diatomite whose particle size was $50\~100\;{\mu}m$, the optimum mixture ratio with composition variables by changing $1\;wt\%$ of each component that was silica sol$(4.3\~7.3\;wt\%)$ as an inorganic binder, CMC (Sodium CarboxyMethyl Cellulose $(6\~9\;wt\%)$) as an organic binder and paper powder$(4.7\~7.7\;wt\%)$ was obtained. As a result of the investigation on a composition containing $60\;wt\%$ diatomite, $5.3\;wt\%$ silica sol, and $7\;wt\%$ CMC, a heat-resisting protection tube that could be used as a molten steel probe for measuring the temperature and components of molten steel was developed. The bending strength, compressive strength, and elastic modulus of the protection tube developed, that contained $\le2.3\;wt\%$ carbon, were 7.1 MPa, 7.5 MPa, and 1090 MPa, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2013

The culture conditions to maximize the production of endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) from the brown rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola MKACC 54347 mycelia were investigated. Among the tested media for endoglucanase production, Mandel's mineral salts medium (MSM; 1% cellulose, 0.1% peptone, 0.14% $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, 0.03% urea, 0.2% $KH_2PO_4$, 0.03% $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.03% $CaCl_2$, and 0.1% trace metal solution (19.8 mM $FeSO_4$, 13.0 mM $MnSO_4$, 12.2 mM $ZnSO_4$, and 15.4 mM $CoCl_2$)) produced the highest activity of the enzyme. To optimize the medium composition for enzyme activity, the effects of various carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and inorganic sources were investigated in MSM. Maximal enzyme production was accomplished using a medium containing 2% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 2% yeast extract, 0.2% $KH_2PO_4$, 0.03% $MnSO_4$, and 0.3% trace metal solution. Different physiological conditions, like incubation period and temperature, were also examined to assess their influence on enzyme production. Enzyme production from F. pinicola reached its highest level after cultivation for 8 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), followed by the endoglucanase activity staining using CMC as the substrate, was performed to identify the endoglucanase under the culture conditions studied. Zymogram analysis of the culture supernatant revealed an endoglucanase band with a molecular mass of 52 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were $55^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.4032-4038
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• 2014

Vegetable fatty acid solid soap requires a drying process for moisture evaporation and hardness after being manufactured through saponification. Although the soap is manufactured by mixing additives mainly from natural ingredients, existing studies have focused primarily on the usability of vegetable solid soap. Consequently, research into the physical properties of vegetable fatty acid solid soap mixed with natural ingredients has been unsatisfactory. Therefore, this study attempted to compare and observe the changes in the physical properties (pH, surface tension, critical micelle concentration, and cleansing power) of solid soap in accordance with the drying period and additives (tea tree E.O and $TiO_2$) using pH paper, the Du Nouy measurement method, sedimentation method, and ultrasound washer. Regardless of the mixture with additives, vegetable fatty acid solid soap showed the same pH, and there was no change in the pH while maintaining pH 8 beginning from the $2^{nd}$ weeks to $12^{th}$ weeks of drying. In addition, as a result of measuring the surface tension and CMC, regardless of the drying period, only the soap added with $TiO_2$ showed an even value of 62.5mg/L, whereas the other soap specimens showed a decline in CMC to 25mg/L on the fourth week of drying. As a result of measuring the detergency, the removal efficiency of vegetable fatty acid solid soap mixed with tea tree E.O and $TiO_2$ and dried for four weeks was 4.50~4.65%, which was higher than that of the vegetable fatty acid solid soap without additives (3.62~3.92%).

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 1997

To investigate the effects of cow manure compost(CMC) on soil and water environment as non-point source, the elution patterns of anions were determined in muti-layered soil columns which were consisted of one top and one bottom in combination. The top soil columns were uniformly packed with Ap horizon soils amended with air-dried CMC at different ratios(0, 2, 4, 6%, wt/wt), the bottom ones were packed with of B horizon soils of 15, 30, and 45cm in length. After saturating the each soil column, the leachate were collected from the bottom of the column while the double-ionized water was applied from the surface of the column by constant head method. From the hydraulic conductivity and anion eluted were measured in the leachate. Each saturated hydraulic conductivities for top and the bottom soils were 3$\times$$10^{-4}$sec and 1.6$\times$$10^{-3}$cm/sec. Most of water soluble chloride and sulfate, having non-specific adsorption characteristics onto the soil particles, were eluted within 1 PV, showing that there was no apparent retardation of anion movement with increasing CMC contents in the top soils. The effect of soil depths on anion movement were similar to the results of CMC contents. Sulfate of having both of non-specific and specific adsorption characteristics was also recovered in the effluent within 1 PV, while the elution curves were slightly skewed to the right showing that the CMC affected the movement of sulfate. Phosphate of specific adsorption characteristics was hardly eluted within 5 PV.