• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.743-752
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• 1993

To elucidate the effects of natural gums, i.e. carrageenan, locust bean gum and xanthan gum and synthetic gums, i.e. carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) and methyl cellulose(MC) on the foaming properties of sodium caseinate, surface tension, absolute viscosity, turbidity, foaming ability, foam stability, and heat stability of the foams of the caseinate solutions with added gums were examined. The surface tension of sodium caseinate solution(5%) adding to gums at pH 4.0 and 5.0 were higher than those at pH 7.0 and 8.0. The viscosities of the solutions adding to gums(0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5%) ap pH 4.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0 were 2.4~170.0, 2.5~190.0, 5.3~180.0 and 6.3~99.0 cps, respectively. Especially xanthan gums predominantly increased the viscosity. Turbidities were 97.3~98.2 at pH 4.0 and 5.0 and 93.0~95.8 at pH 7.0 and 8.0. Foaming abilities of the solution adding to xanthan gum, carrageenan and locust bean gum were increased, while those of CMC and MC were decreased. Additions of xantham gum, CMC and MC increased the foam stability, especially xanthan gum did predominantly. Xanthan gum, MC and locust bean gum were more effective than CMC and carrageenan for heat stability. For improving the foaming properties of sodium caseinate xanthan gum were best of five kinds of gums. Surface tensions and turbidities of the solution were related to foaming ability, and the viscosities were related to foam stability and heat stability.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.494-500
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid-carboxymethylcellulose membrane (GUARDIX-$MB^{(R)}$) barriers on prevention against post-operative peritoneal adhesions. In this study, fourteen mongrel dogs were divided into two experimental groups: 0.1 % hyaluronic acid (0.1HA) group and hyaluronic acidcarboxymethylcellulose membrane (HA-CMC) group. In order to induce adhesions, the anti-mesenteric serosa of the ileum was exteriorized and then abraded in a standard manner by scraping with a scalpel blade to create homogenous petechial hemorrhagic surface over a $1\;{\times}\;1cm$ area. Solution of 0.1HA were simply coated over the abraded tissues, $1.5\;{\times}\;1.5cm$ HA-CMC membrane was placed over the abraded tissues, allowed to spread across the intra-abdominal organs before closure of the abdomen. On day 1 before and day 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 after operation, venous blood specimens were collected for measurement of fibrinogen and total WBC. The adhesions were blindly assessed 3 weeks later by using a computerized tensiometer. The fibrinogen and total WBC values of two groups showed no statistical significances. The mean tensile strength (gram force, gf) of formed adhesions day 21 after surgery was $88.1\;{\pm}\;55.70gf$ in the 0.1 % HA group and $24.8\;{\pm}\;22.69gf$ in the HA-CMC group. The tensile strength values of adhesion separation HA-CMC membrane group was significantly lower than the 0.1HA group (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that HACMC membrane reduce peritoneal adhesions may be applicable to preventing post-operative intraperitoneal adhesions in dogs.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 1991

Four novel amphoteric surfactants of N-(2-alkylamidoethyl)-N, N-dimethyl ammonioacetates were synthesized. The each reaction between four saturated fatty acids containing 10, 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms and N, N-dimethylethylene diamine permitted to give the intermediate products, N-(2-alkylamidoethyl)-N, N-dimethylamines. Quaterinzation of these intermediates was permitted to form N-(2-alkylamidoethyl)-N, N-dimethyl, ammonioacetates, whose sturctures were identified by CC, TLC, elemental analysis, IR pectrophotometry and $^1$HNMR spectrometry. The products yielded from 48% to 58%. The isoelectric points were shown in the range of $4.30{\sim}6.64$. It showed a tendency to learn to the acidic site and its range was broadened as increase of the hydrophobic group length. Surface tensions of the aqueous solution in the $10^{-6}{\sim}10^{-1}$mol/l of amidobetaines were measured. and the critical micell concentration(cmc) were shown in the range of $8.37{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}8.96{\times}10^{-2}$mol/l, and ${\Gamma}_{cmc}$ were reduced to 32.3~38.2 dyne/cm. A linear relationship between log cmc and the number of carbon in the hydrophobic alkyl chain was presented by the formula of log cmc=2.38-0.5n, and the contribution-rate of n on the standard free energy change in micellization ${\partial}({\Delta}G^0$$_m)/{\partial}n$, was calulated as -0.5RT.

• Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.484-490
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• 2018

Background: The use of three-dimensional multi-segment foot models (3D MFMs) is increasing since they have superior ability to illustrate the effect of foot and ankle pathologies on intersegmental motion of the foot compared to single-segment foot model gait analysis. However, validation of the repeatability of the 3D MFMs is important for their clinical use. Although many MFMs have been validated in normal adults, research on MFM repeatability in children is lacking. The purpose of this study is to validate the intrasession, intersession, and interrater repeatability of an MFM with a 15-marker set (DuPont foot model) in healthy children. Methods: The study included 20 feet of 20 healthy children (10 boys and 10 girls). We divided the participants into two groups of 10 each. One group was tested by the same operator in each test (intersession analysis), while the other group was tested by a different operator in each test (interrater analysis). The multiple correlation coefficient (CMC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess repeatability. The difference between the two sessions of each group was assessed at each time point of gait cycle. Results: The intrasession CMC and ICC values of all parameters showed excellent or very good repeatability. The intersession CMC of many parameters showed good or better repeatability. Interrater CMC and ICC values were generally lower for all parameters than intrasession and intersession. The mean gaps of all parameters were generally similar to those of the previous study. Conclusions: We demonstrated that 3D MFM using a 15-marker set had high intrasession, intersession, and interrater repeatability in the assessment of foot motion in healthy children but recommend some caution in interpreting the hindfoot parameters.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.473-478
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• 2011

The interaction of para-halogenated benzoic acid isomers with the micellar system of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide was studied by the UV/Vis spectrophotometric method. The solubilization constants ($K_s$) of benzoic acid isomers into the micellar system of TTAB and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of TTAB have been measured with the change of temperature. Various thermodynamic parameters have been calculated and analyzed from those measurement. The results show that the values of ${\Delta}G^{\circ}{_s}$ for the solubilization of all isomers are negative and the values of ${\Delta}H^{\circ}{_s}$ and ${\Delta}S^{\circ}{_s}$ are all positive within the measured temperature range. The effects of additives (n-butanol and NaCl) on the solubilization of benzoic acid isomers have been also measured. There was a great decrease on the values of $K_s$ and CMC simultaneously with these additives. From these changes we can postulate that the solubilization sites of each isomers in the TTAB micellar system are the surface or the palisade region of the micelle.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.488-498
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• 2022

The effects of 1,3-Butanediol, 1,2-Pentanediol, and 1,2-Hexanediol in surfactant solutions on cmc, surface tension, foaming and emulsifying properties were determined. The addition of diols in aqueous surfactant solution decreased cmc and surface tension, and enhanced the foaming and emulsifying power. This trend is more significant by the longer hydrocarbon chain length of the diols. This property was confirmed because the diol's alkyl chain and the hydrophobic interaction with the surfactant reduce the cohesive force of water and increase the interaction between the head groups of the surfactant at interface. In addition, MIC test was conducted to determine the preservative power of each diol, and as a result, the antibacterial activity was effective in the order of 1,2-HDO > 1,2-PDO > 1,3-BDO. The results of this study show that diol can be applied to cosmetics as an auxiliary surfactant and antibacterial agent.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.439-445
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• 2023

In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing silver nitrate with PVA, and the solution prepared by adding carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to the silver nanoparticles was coated on a PET substrate to prepare a coating film with antibacterial and antifogging function. When the coating films were in contact with water vapor at 80 ℃, the uncoated PET substrate was blurred due to the scattering of light due to the occurrence of fog, while the coating film coated with silver nanosol with CMC remained transparent despite contact with water vapor, showing excellent antifogging function. In addition, the antibacterial properties of the coating films were measured by film adhesion method for Staphylococcus aureus, gram-positive bacteria, and Escherichia coli, gram-negative bacteria. The uncoated PET substrate showed a large number of colonies of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while the coating film coated with the silver nanosol greatly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, resulting in excellent antibacterial effect.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 1986

Factors affecting the productivity of cellulolytic enzymes and the mycelial growth of Ganoderma lucidum CAFM 9065 were examined in synthetic media. Among the carbon sources tested, Na-CMC was the best for the production of avicelase CMC ase, and cellobiose for ${\beta}-glucosidase$. Soluble starch and cellobiose were the best for the mycelial growth. The optimum concentration of Na-CMC for the production of the enzymes was 1.0 %, and mycelial growth increased remarkably with the higher concentration of Na-CMC. Glucose inhibited the production of the enzymes, but stimulated the mycelial growth. Among the nitrogen sources used, peptone was the most effective for the production of the enzymes, and the appropriate concentration of peptone was 0.2%. The mycelial growth was stimulated with the increase of the concentration of peptone up to 0.5%. The optimum concentration of $KH_2PO_4$ for the production of the enzymes and mycelial growth was 0.3 and 0.2%, respectively. The optimum concentration of $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ for the production of the enzymes and mycelial growth was 0.02%. The production of the enzymes was facilitated by folic acid at a low concentration (0.03 mg/l), and mycelial growth by inositol. The optimum temperature for the production of the enzymes and mycelial growth was $30^{\circ}C$. The optimum pH for the production of avicelase and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ was 5.0 equally and CMCase 5.5. The activities of avicelase and CMCase were the highest at 8 and 10 days of culture, respectively and that of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ at 16 day culture. The growth of mycelium was the highest at 12 days of culture at pH 5.0.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1999

Proteolytic bacteria isolated from fermented anchovy jeotkal were immobilized in capsule type with $0.8\%$ sodium alginate and $CaCl_2/carboxymethyl$ cellulose (CMC). For making the immobilized capsule, the optimal concentration of both $CaCl_2$ and CMC, with respect to the membrane hardness and the growth of proteolytic bacteria in capsule, were $2.0\%$ at following conditions: flow rate of $CaCl_2/CMC$ solution and cell suspension were respectively 3.54 ml/min and 0.15 ml/min when inside diameter of inner and outer capillary tube in immobilizing apparatus were 0.32mm, 0.74mm, respectively. The density of proteolytic bacteria in capsule reached maximum, i.e. $10^8-10^9cells$/capsule during culture under optimal conditions in TPY broth, and these were $10^2-10^4$ times higher than these of before culture. During culture of proteolytic bacteria immobilized in capsule type (PBImC) for 72hrs, few growing cells were lost in the outer medium.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.46-53
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• 2015

Paper strengthening system of PVAm (polyvinylamine) has been used with strong negative charge polymer for electrostatic neutralization due to strong positive charge of PVAm. Recently, because of the controversy caused by the possibility of remaining PAM monomers in white water, a search for paper strength agent that can substitute for PAM was suggested. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate a dry strength polymer of PVAm. Starch and CMC were used as a substitute for PAM. The dual polymer system of PVAm and anionic charge control agent such as anionic starch or CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) were found to be very effective as strength agent compared to the chemicals based on acrylamide.