• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2007

An experimental study on the air-side pressure drop of slit fin-tube heat exchanger has been carried out. The data reduction methodology for air-side pressure drop in the literature is not based on a consistent approach. This paper focuses on method of data reduction to obtain the air-side performance of fin-tube heat exchanger using R22 and recommends standard procedures for dry and wet surface pressure drop estimation in fin-tube heat exchanger. A comparison was made between the predictions of previously proposed empirical correlations and experimental data for the air-side pressure drop on design conditions of condenser and evaporator. Results are pre-sented as plots of friction f-factor against Reynolds number based on the fin collar outside diameter and compared with previous studies. The data covers a range of refrigerant mass fluxes of $150{\sim}250\;kg/m^2s$ with air flows at velocity ranges from 0.38 m/s to 1.6 m/s.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.67-75
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• 2006

This Study is attempted to analyze Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory responses to Vertigo patients and remedial value of Oriental medicine treatment. Methods: 24 Vertigo patients and 28 control group were tested by MMPI and QSCCII. It is analyzed by cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, t-test, Duncan method is used as ex-post test. Results and Conclusions: 1. The MMPI scores of Vertigo patients were elevated in Hs, Hy clinical scales, 1-3 profile type, it is profile of conversional neurosis. In this case body condition where the psychological problem will get conversion is a notable feature. 2. All of the profiles can be classified three types of profile. Group 1(33.3%) showed 1-3-2 profile type and elevated Pt. scale, suggesting mainly depressive neurosis in the department of neuropsychiatry. Group 2 (37.5%) showed a normal profile. Group 3(29.2%) showed 1-3 profile type it is profile of conversional neurosis. With this result it is indicated that 62.5% Vertigo patients are related to emotional difficulties. 3. There was to a remedial value for the Vertigo patients, before treating from VAS score 10.00 after treating at VAS score 4.13. From this study, we know the possibility the Oriental medicine register remedial value for the Vertigo patients.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.110-143
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to assess the extent of inequality in health outcomes and the distribution of health services according to health need under National Health Insurance System in Korea. For the empirical analysis, data were collected through an interview survey during one month of October, 1994. Interview were conducted with a total of 10, 875 of the employees and the self-employed selected through cluster, systematic sampling. The major findings of this research are as follows: 1. The analysis of the differentials in morbidity rates by socio-economic group showed that health inequality in the pro-higher groups existed in all self-reported morbidity indicators. 2. The findings of the conventional use measures showed that the lower socio-economic groups had more ambulatory and inpatient services than the higher groups. In contrast to the level of the medical care utilization, however, the higher socio-economic groups were more likely to use the high-quality source of care in terms of their treatment place compared to the lower groups. 3. By using the need-based use measures, the results were different from each use-disability ration indicator. Using the use-disability ration measured by physician visits per 100 restricted-activity days in the population, it was found that there was no evidence favoring the higher socio-economic groups. In contrast, the use-disability ration based on physician visits per a chronic patient in one year displayed that there was remarkable relative difference by income group as well as the evidence of the pro-higher income groups. 4. The results of logistic regression analysis and two-stage estimation method indicated that although the utilization is significantly affected by type and duration of insurance coverage, the use or nonuse of service and the volume of physician care consumed is determined by health need and demographic characteristics rater than economic status. In sum, these findings suggest that physician service is equitably distributed according to health need under national health insurance system in Korea. As there were some evidences of inequality including the differential in physician visits of chronic patients by income group, however, the government should strengthen the activities to guarantee the equity of health services utilization.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.189-198
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• 2009

Unstructured peer-to-peer systems are most commonly used in today's internet. But file placement is random in these systems and no correlation exists between peers and their contents. There is no guarantee that flooding queries will find the desired data. In this paper, we propose to cluster nodes in unstructured P2P systems using the agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm to improve the search method. We compared the delay time of clustering the nodes between our proposed algorithm and the k-means clustering algorithm. We also simulated the delay time of locating data in a network topology and recorded the overhead of the system using our proposed algorithm, k-means clustering, and without clustering. Simulation results show that the delay time of our proposed algorithm is shorter compared to other methods and resource overhead is also reduced.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.227-236
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• 2012

Ionomer is a thermoplastic that is composed of covalent bonds and ionic bonds. It is possible to use this material in processes such as injection molding or extrusion molding due to the material's high oil resistance, weatherproof characteristics, and shock resistance. In this study, a new ionomer having a multifunctional group was prepared by a stepwise neutralization system with the addition of acidic and salt additives. In step I, to increase the contents of the multifunctional group and the acid degree in ethylene acrylic acid (EAA), MGA was added to the ionomer resin (EAA). A new ionomer was prepared via the traditional preparation method of the ionic cross-linking process. In step II, metal salt was added to the mixture of EAA and MGA. The extrusion process was performed using a twin extruder (L/D = 40, size : ${\varphi}30$). Ionomer film was prepared for evaluation of gas permeability by using the compression molding process. The degree of neutralized and ionic cross-linked new ionomer was confirmed by FT-IR and XRD analysis. In order to estimate the neutralization of the new ionomer film, various properties such as gas permeation and mechanical properties were measured. The physical strength and anti-scratch property of the new ionomer were improved with increase of the neutralization degree. The gas barrier property of the new ionomer was improved through the introduction of an ionic site. Also, the ionic degree of cross-linking and gas barrier property of the ionomer membrane prepared by stepwise neutralization were increased.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.345-351
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• 2009

Organic cation transporters (OCTs) are important for absorption, elimination of many endogenous small organic cations as well as a wide array of drugs and environmental toxins. This gene is located in a cluster on chromosome 6 and OCTs are in major organs such as intestine, liver, kidney, brain and placenta. Therefore, expression levels and function of OCTs directly affect plasma levels and intracellular concentrations of drugs and thereby determine therapeutic response. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of the SNPs on OCT1 (C181T and C1022T) and OCT2 (G808T) to analyze haplotype frequency in healthy Korean population. Human subjects have been genotyped for OCT1 (C181T for 195 subjects and C1022T for 825 subjects), using polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic tests (RFLP). And for OCT2 (G808T), a total of 861 subjects have been genotyped, using pyrosequencing method. Haplotype was statistically inferred using an algorithm based on the expectation-maximization (EM). OCT1 C181T genotyping showed 100% homozygous wild-type (C/C). OCT1 C1022T genotyping showed wild-type (C/C), heterozygous (C/T) and homozygous mutant-type (T/T) and each accounted for 72.1, 24.5 and 3.4%, respectively. OCT2 G808T genotyping results also showed homozygous wild-type (G/G), heterozygous (G/T) and homozygous mutant-type (T/T) and each took 81.8, 17.9 and 0.3%, respectively. Based on these genotype data, haplotype analysis between OCT1 C181T and OCT1 C1022T has proceeded. The result has revealed that linkage disequilibrium between alleles is not obvious (P=0.0122).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the foot shape and size specification of male high school students. 3D modeling programs such as 'Artec Studio', 'CATIA', and 'Auto CAD' measured the 3D scan data of 361 male high school students provided by KATS. Through principal factor analysis, 10 factors were extracted, including foot length, medial-lateral ratio, and foot length ratio. As the result of the cluster and ANOVA with post-hoc test (Duncan method), the differences among types were clarified. Type 1 (24.7%) represented outward medial-lateral ratio (M-L ratio) with the lowest instep, ankle and little deformed first toe. Type 2 (41.8%) was characterized by the shortest, even M-L ratio, thin ankle and heel, the highest instep and ankle. Type 3 (33.5%) showed the longest, inward M-L ratio, thick ankle and heel, and deformed first toe. As the cross-tabulation of foot length and ball circumference, 17.2 percent was not covered by KS standard; in addition, the foot length was longer than the KS standard. The correlation analysis of key dimensions showed that foot length and ball circumference were highly correlated with other items; therefore, regression equations were derived to estimate other foot measurements using these two items as independent variables.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to develop a reliable and reproducible descriptive analysis procedure for Korean style sweet pumpkin gruel (Hobakjuk). The sensory attributes of the sweet pumpkin gruel were developed and defined, the sample preparation method was standardized, and the sensory evaluation procedure for a sample was established. Seven types of sweet pumpkin gruel (five ready-to-eat type vs. two ready-to-heat type) were selected to be analyzed. Panel training and descriptive analysis were carried out with these 7 samples. A total of 12 sensory attributes (2 aroma/odor, 5 taste/flavor, 4 texture/mouthfeel, and 1 aftertaste attributes) were developed to describe the sensory characteristics of the sweet pumpkin gruel. The definition and reference standards for each sensory attribute were determined to clearly understand each attribute. In the main experiment, trained panelists evaluated the sensory characteristics of the 7 gruel samples based on a fifteen-point intensity scale using the developed attributes. The results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. The results showed that the 7 sweet pumpkin gruel samples significantly differed in their intensities of all attributes except for sweet pumpkin aroma and viscosity. The ready-to-eat style samples were distinctly characterized by their sweet pumpkin aroma and flavor, whereas the ready-to-heat style samples were markedly characterized by their low intensity of gelatinized starch and pumpkin flavor retention.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2009

In South Korea, seasonal, local and temporal climatic characteristics are variable in rainfall patterns. To design or assess the reliability of hydrosystem, information about the rainfall event under consideration is important. In this process, the complete description of a design storm involves the specification of rainfall duration, depth, and its temporal pattern. Generally, to use an appropriate temporal pattern for a design storm is of great importance in the design and evaluation of hydrological safety for hydrosystem. For purpose of selecting of factors affecting the occurrence of rainfall patterns, Huff's dimensionless method was executed and examined by statistical contingency tables analysis through which the inter-dependence of the occurrence frequency of rainfall patterns with respect to geographical location, rainfall duration and depth, and seasonality is investigated. This analysis result can be used to establish flood policies and to design or assess the reliability of hydrosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.54-65
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of fashion life styles of TV-home shoppers on their fashion goods purchasings. This study analyzed TV home shoppers grouped into clusters based on their fashion life styles and identified their product-related evaluative criteria and purchasing intention according to clusters. This study also analyzed whether there are differences in clusters according to their socio-economic status. Utilizing the convenient sampling method, the sample of the study is composed of women aged over 20 living in the Seoul metropolitan area. Of 380 distributed, 196 useful questionnaires were returned. The data were analyzed using factor analysis, cluster analysis, $\chi$$^2$analysis, and One-way ANOVA. The results are as follows: Regarding fashion life styles, 5 factors, 1) fashion leadership, 2) shopping-involvement, 3) fashion image, 4) economics and 5) anti-fashion attitude were obtained. Based on the factor scores, 4 clusters, 1) aesthetic-orientation, 2) economics and fashion innovation-orientation, 3) conspicuous consumption-orientation and 4) anti-fashion attitude, were identified. Regarding the product-related evaluative criteria, there were significant differences in price, fashionability, design, size, brand reliability, refund policy, and appearances when worn according to clusters. There were also significant differences in purchasing intention when purchasing low price products and fashion items such as under wears, night and home wears, suits, leather and fur clothes, purse and bags, and shoes. Regarding the socio-econmic status, age, marital status, and occupation were significantly different according to clusters.