• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.632-638
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• 2010

The genetic diversity among 48 persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) accessions, indigenous in Korea and introduced from Japan and China, was evaluated by using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. From 20 SSR primer sets, a total of 114 polymorphic markers were detected among 12 pollination-constant non-astringent (PCNA), 13 pollination-variant non-astringent (PVNA), 15 pollination-variant astringent (PVA), and 8 pollination-constant astringent (PCA) cultivars. Analysis of pair-wise genetic similarity coefficient (Nei-Li) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) clustering revealed two main clusters and four subclusters for cluster I. The subclustering pattern was in accordance with the classification of persimmon cultivars based on the nature of astringency loss. Phenetic relationships among the subclusters showed a closer relatedness of the PCNA group with the PVNA group, and the PVA with the PCA group. Genetic similarity co-efficiency was 0.499 on average and the highest (0.954) similarity was observed between 'Cheongdo-Bansi' and 'Haman-Bansi'. The similarity was lowest (0.192) between 'Damopan'and 'Atago'. Identification of each cultivar with the execption of 'Cheongdo-Bansi' and 'Gyeongsan-Bansi' was possible based on the SSR fingerprints, suggesting that these SSR markers are a useful tool for protecting intellectual property on newly developed cultivars.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1434-1442
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• 2011

A genetic variation within 29 strains of F. velutipes was analyzed by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Seven hundred and twenty base pairs were sequenced during the analysis of the ITS region, but no significant variation was observed among the 29 strains of F. velutipes. Sixteen out of 40 random primers amplified polymorphic RAPD fragment patterns. The polymorphic levels of RAPD bands by some primers (OPA-2,4,3,9,10,20) were very high in all 29 strains, with 3,030 fragments ranging between 200 and 2,000 bp. Intraspecific genetic dissimilarity of the 29 strains was calculated to range from 3.3% to 45% by Nei-Li's method using these 3,030 RAPD bands. The genetic variation among Korean strains was relatively high, with dissimilarities ranging between 17% and 38.6%. In the Neighbor-Joining analysis using the genetic dissimilarities based on RAPD, all 29 strains were classified into 5 clusters. Strains in each cluster showed specific characteristics according to their origin and strains. These results suggested that OPA and OPB primers could be used for developing molecular genetic markers and screening of unidentified (F. velutipes) strains.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.114-118
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• 2014

A total of 122 ESBL-producing intestinal bacteria were collected from regional hospitals in the Chungcheong area. Combination disk test (CDT) was performed for antimaicrobial susceptability using cefotaxime and cefotaxime/clavulanate according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Mutiplex PCR using specific primers was performed for a detection of ESBL-genotypes and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR was carried out for the tracking of molecular epidemiology. In the confirmation test using CDT, 73 out of 76 (96.1%) ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and 43 out of 46 (93.4%) ESBL-producing Klebsiella pnemoniae were positive. In the multiplex PCR, 60.5% of E. coil were positive for CTX-M-2 type gene and 56.5% of K. pneumoniae were positive for VEB -1 type gene. In the ERIC-PCR, E. coil isolates formed 5 clusters and K. pneumoniae isolates were grouped into 4 clusters depending on region. Genotypes of clinical isolates are useful for detection and differentiation of ESBL producing intestinal bacteria. The ERIC-PCR method is thought to be helpful for establishing a regional surveillance system for infection due to its formation of different clusters depending on region.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.351-356
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• 2018

L-Serine dehydratase (LSD) is an iron-sulfur containing enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-serine to pyruvate and ammonia. Among the bacterial amino acid dehydratases, it appears that only the L-serine specific enzymes utilize an iron-sulfur cluster at their catalytic site. Moreover, bacterial LSDs are classified into four types based on structural characteristics and domain arrangement. To date, only the LSD enzymes from a few bacterial strains have been studied, but more detailed investigations are required to understand the catalytic mechanism of various bacterial LSDs. In this study, LSD type II from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtLSD) H37Rv was expressed and purified to elucidate the biochemical and catalytic properties using the enzyme kinetic method. The L-serine saturation curve of MtLSD exhibited a typically sigmoid character, indicating an allosteric cooperativity. The values of $K_m$ and $k_{cat}$ were estimated to be $59.35{\pm}1.23mM$ and $18.12{\pm}0.20s^{-1}$, respectively. Moreover, the plot of initial velocity versus D-serine concentration at fixed L-serine concentrations showed a non-linear hyperbola decay shape and exhibited a competitive inhibition for D-serine with an apparent $K_i$ value of $30.46{\pm}5.93mM$ and with no change in the $k_{cat}$ value. These results provide insightful biochemical information regarding the catalytic properties and the substrate specificity of MtLSD.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.443-452
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• 2008

This study conducted a survey on forest and shrub vegetation in the riverside of the main stream of the Nakdong River on the southeastern part of Korea based on the method of ZM school of phytosociology. As a result, this study identified the vegetation units as ten associations and communities belonging to three classes, and four communities unclear to the upper units. The identified vegetation units were as follows: A-1 Acero-Fagetea class group, Fraxino-Ulmetaria, undecided alliance: 1) Fraxinus mandshurica community; Zelkovetalia(prov.), Zelkovion(prov.): 2) Zelkova serrata community, A-2 Salicetea sachalinensis, Salicetalia koreensis, Salicion koreensis: 3) Salicetum koreensio-chaenomeloides, 4) Salicetum koreensis, 5) Hemipteletum davidii, 6) Salicetum gracilistylae, 7) Salicetum graciliglandis, 8) Salicetum subfragilis, A-3 Rosetea multiflorae, Dioscoreo-Puerarietalia lobatae, Actinidio-Vition coignetiae: 9) Stephanandra incisa community, 10) Lycium chinense community, A-4 unclear upper units: 11) Clerodendron trichotomum community, 12) Ailanthus altissima community, 13) Robinia pseudo-acacia community. 14) Amorpha fruticosa community. The community units identified by the study corresponded with the result of cluster analysis quite nicely while the result of PCA analysis in multivariate analyses showed less correspondence with cluster analysis result, but it was interpreted as a degree of aggregation according to anthropogenic influence. The vegetation unit of forests and shrubs, unlike the herbal community in highly common with those of Japan, included five vegetation units unique to Korea at a collective level. On the basis of the above synecological study, this research discussed the relation between each community and environment, and natural environment, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.120-131
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• 1995

To analyze mobility patterns, this study used three Constraint (Capability Constraint, Coupling Constraint, Authority Constraint) models which were proposed in Dr. Hagerstrand's Time-space theory. This paper shows that three constraint models have some effects upon mobility by age. In this study, Capability Constraint means a certain special constraint that is what we can't do during proceeding basic natural urges like sleep, fare, etc. Coupling constraint is a physical one. Each person limits the action range for staying on a special place in special time. For instance, students have to stay in school so that they have mobility constraints. Authority Constraint is a social one. When we use urban facilities or traffic, we may be controlled by mobility sphere by an agreement or a social position. It is social agreement that the opening hour of a store, the time table of mass-transportation and a social positional control that the personal income, the standard of education. In this study it has been in a process of determination of the cluster number that degree of influences a social constraint to mobility. Considering the mobility constraint of characteristics of space divides urban and rural, people in urban area have higher mobility rate than in rural area. Resuets of determination of the cluster, show similar mobility pattern. People in urban area are connected verity of mobility which related to urban space structures with determination of cluste-number. That is to say, mobility patterns can be changed by space charactcristics. Constraints by sex and age are also social constraints and they are influenced by mobility patterns. For instance, females at the age of twenties have similar mobility pattern to the same age male but they have sudden changes after thirty's age. Male entertains a similar pattern without restriction of age. That is to say, management by sex as a social constraint affects mobility. To establish more realistic traffie policy, mobility formation should be reflected to the space in a view of social-behavioral science. To embody this, some problems should be investigated as follows. 1. As a problem of methodology, if sufficient samples ensured, we could subdivide clusters and could open up a new method of analyzing the mobility clusters by using the neuro-network. 2. Extracting actions connected with mobility and finding life cycle which is classified by daily cluste-characteristics, suitable counterproposal could be presented to the traific policy.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.303-309
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• 1997

Variation of morphological and physiological traits of 50 Bidens tripartita accessions were studied and the accessions were grouped through cluster analysis based on four major characters; plant type, leaf partition, achene length, days to flowering. Bidens tripartite accessions have shown significant variations in plant type, stem length, days to flowering, leaf shape, leaf partition, chlorophyll content, leaf color, stem color, achene color, achene length and achene shape. Most of Bidens tripartite accessions appeared to have strong dormancy and also photodormancy with some exceptions. Plants could be classified into 5 types from straight(I) to triangle(V), and intermediate diamond type(III) was prevalent. The plant type score has negative correlation with the stem length. None, three, and five part leaved plants were observed and most of them were three or five parted. Leaf partition had negative correlation with achene length and chlorophyll content. Average days to flowering was 108 days in the range of 94~141 days. It had positive correlation with achene length and leaf shape and negative correlation with achene color. Average achene length was 10.0mm and it had positive correlation with achene shape, stem length, days to flowering and leaf shape. It also had negative correlation with leaf color, stem color, achene color, leaf partition. Bidens tripartite accessions could be divided into identifiable six groups from the cluster analysis at the distance 0.06 using Ward's minimum-variance method.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.411-423
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• 2017

The spacial potential source contribution function (PSCF) method was utilized by considering topography and height of back trajectories based on the measurement of organic typo matter (OM), $NO_3{^-}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$ at the Baegryungdo Super Site ($37^{\circ}57^{\prime}N$, $124^{\circ}37^{\prime}E$, 135 m a.s.l. (above sea level)) for three selected periods (i.e., January~April, May~August, and September~December) in 2013. The PSCF were calculated on the contributions of trans-boundary transport to the hourly mean concentrations using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). The cluster analysis using back trajectories was performed to identify the major airflows to the sampling site. The upper atmosphere in the Tianjin area of China and the lower atmosphere in the western coast area of Korea can be the major source of trans-boundary pollution to the sampling site during January~April resulted from PSCF. The area in Lianyungang-city and Liaoning-sheng, China can be responsibile for the nitrogen related secondary compounds during May~August, and Shandong Peninsula in China is the major source area during September~December. In addition, relationships between the cluster analysis of back trajectories and PSCF were investigated for the statistically significance level for the source areas.

• Plant Resources
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.214-223
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to understand the conservation of gene resources and provide information for mass selection' of winter bud characters among the selected populations of Kalopanax septemlobus Koidz using analysis of variance(ANOVA) tests. The obtained results are shown below; 1. Ten populations of K. septemlobus were selected for the study of the variation of winter bud characters in Korea. The results of the analysis of variance(ANOVA) tests shows that there were statistically significant differences in all of the winter bud characters among those populations. 2. Correlation analysis shows that width between Height and DBH(Diameter at breast height) characters have negative relationship with all of the characters, as ABL(Apical branch length), ABW(Apical branch width), AWBL(Apical branch winter bud length), AWBW(Apical branch winter bud width), ABT(Apical branch No. of thorns), ABLB(Apical branch No. of lateral bud) and LBL(Lateral branch length), LBW(Lateral branch width), LBT(Lateral branch No. of thorns), LBLB(Lateral branch No. of lateral bud). 3. The result of principal component analysis(PCA) for winter buds showed that the first principal components(PC' s) to the fourth principal component explains about 78% of the total variation. The first principal component(PC) was correlated with AWBW, LWBW, and LBL and the ratio of ABL/ABW and LBL/LBW out of 16 winter bud characters. The second principal component correlated with ABL, ABW, ABLB, LWBL(Lateral branch winter bud length), and LBW and the ratio of AWBL/AWBW. The third principal component correlated with ABL, ABW, LWBL, LBL, and the ratio of LBL/LBW. The fourth principal component correlated with LBL and the ratio of LWBL/LWBW(Lateral branch winter bud width), LBL/LBW. Therefore, these characters were important to analysis of the variation for winter bud characters among selected populations of K. septemlobus in Korea. 4. Cluster analysis using the average linkage method based on 10 selected populations for the 16 winter bud characters of K. septemlobus in Korea showed a clustering into two groups by level of distance 1.1(Fig. 3). As can be seen in Fig. 3, Group I consisted of three areas(Mt. Sori, Mt. Balwang and Mt. Worak) and Group Ⅱ contisted of seven areas(Suwon, Mt. Chuwang, Mt. Kyeryong, Mt. Kaji, Mt. Jiri, Muan, and Mt. Halla). The result of cluster analysis for winter bud characters corresponded well with principal component analysis, as is shown in Fig. 2.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.573-586
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• 2016

In construction jobs, a combination of various kinds of machinery is used to perform earthworks at a large-scale site. Individual equipments essentially cooperate with each other on task such as excavation, load, transfer and compaction. While other area have studied cooperation system, related study in domestic construction is in poor condition. In this study, construction equipment fleet management system is developed for solving this problem and find way to improving efficiency in earthworks site. The entire concept of the fleet management system, including its components and process, has been systematically outlined in this paper. An operational methodology has also been suggested, where a number of machines, such as the excavators, trucks and compactors, are chosen and further grouped into a cluster. A case study verify fleet management system's effectiveness on performing task package by comparing existing work method with methodology in this study. Fleet management system in this study is expected to curtail fuel consumption by the reduction of working time and moving distance. Furthermore, it can be anticipated to declining carbon emission effect.