• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.282-292
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and differentiation of self, and to identify the degree of self-esteem and differentiation of self. Data were collected from 151 elementary school students using community child center. Factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and cluster analysis were performed. The results of the study are as follows: First, as a result of factor analysis, differentiation of self was classified into differentiation of internal mind, other's and self oriented. Self-esteem was classified into isolation, achievement, relation, and daunted. Second, regression analysis indicated that there was obvious relationship between self-esteem and the differentiation of self. Third, cluster analysis showed that 37.6% of children belonged to cluster 2 with achievement and relation patterns and self-oriented differentiation. Forty-three percent were belonged to cluster 1 with isolated and daunted self-esteem as well as internal mind and other's oriented differentiation. In cluster 3, 19.4% were belonged and their levels of self-esteem and the differentiation of self were very low. Findings indicate that for those children belonged to cluster 1 and 3, programs to raise the self-esteem of children and parental education are needed.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.91-116
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• 2003

This study empirically analyzes the relationships among small and medium-sized stores' competitive strategies, marketing capabilities, and retail performance to cope with hostile environments like mass merchandisers' threats. To accomplish the proposed research objectives, data were collected from 325 small and medium-sized stores scattered nationwide. Three types of competitive strategies were significantly classified as follows cost leadership, merchandise differentiation, and service differentiation. Also, several strategic groups such as doing-nothing type, service differentiation type, cost leadership type, and merchandiser differentiation type were recognized through the cluster analysis. The test results show that the small and medium-sized stores perceiving hostile environments less importantly marked the high retail performance among clusters like cost leadership type, merchandise differentiation type, and even doing-nothing type. On the other hand, the moderating effects resulted from the interaction between strategic groups and environmental hostility did not have significant influence on retail performance. Additionally, merchandise differentiation cluster obtains and accumulates marketing capability most efficiently and the cluster like cost leadership, service differentiation, and doing-nothing follows next in order. Finally, merchandise differentiation cluster shows the most highest retail performance among the clusters while there was no difference between cost leadership and service differentiation cluster in terms of retail performance.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2016

Purpose: Wnt signaling plays an essential role in the dental epithelium and mesenchyme during tooth morphogenesis. Deletion of the Wntless (Wls) gene in odontoblasts appears to reduce canonical Wnt activity, leading to inhibition of odontoblast maturation. However, it remains unclear if autonomous Wnt ligands are necessary for differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells to induce reparative dentinogenesis, one of well-known feature of pulp repair to form tertiary dentin. Materials and Methods: To analyze the autonomous role of Wls for differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells, we used primary dental pulp cells from unerupted molars of Wls-floxed allele mouse after infection with adenovirus for Cre recombinase expression to knockout the floxed Wls gene or control GFP expression. The differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Result: Proliferation rate was significantly decreased in dental pulp cells with Cre expression for Wls knockout. The expression levels of Osterix (Osx), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and nuclear factor I-C (Nfic) were all significantly decreased by 0.3-fold, 0.2-fold, and 0.3-fold respectively in dental pulp cells with Wls knockout. In addition, the expression levels of Bsp, Col1a1, Opn, and Alpl were significantly decreased by 0.7-fold, 0.3-fold, 0.8-fold, and 0.6-fold respectively in dental pulp cells with Wls knockout. Conclusion: Wnt ligands produced autonomously are necessary for proper proliferation and odontoblastic differentiation of mouse dental pulp cells toward further tertiary dentinogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.181-195
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to explore clusters of married woman based on family differentiation and family rules originating from their family of origin, and to examine family strength according to clusters. The research instrument comprised of a questionnaire completed by 269 married women that investigated family differentiation and family rules based on family origins, and the comparative strength of their nuclear family. Analysis of subgroups was based on four representative categories differentiating family rule patterns. Cluster analysis demonstrated that the higher family differentiation level and lower-mid family rules level were related to greater family strength. As a subgroup, lowest levels of family strength were associated with lower family differentiation and lower family rules in all clusters. Findings supported the efficacy of a typological approach for investigation of experiences of married women based on family origin.

• BMB Reports
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.232-237
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• 2024

This study investigated how adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) respond to chondrogenic induction using droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We analyzed 37,219 high-quality transcripts from control cells and cells induced for 1 week (1W) and 2 weeks (2W). Four distinct cell clusters (0-3), undetectable by bulk analysis, exhibited varying proportions. Cluster 1 dominated in control and 1W cells, whereas clusters (3, 2, and 0) exclusively dominated in control, 1W, and 2W cells, respectively. Furthermore, heterogeneous chondrogenic markers expression within clusters emerged. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes unveiled cluster-specific variations in key biological processes (BP): (1) Cluster 1 exhibited up-regulation of GO-BP terms related to ribosome biogenesis and translational control, crucial for maintaining stem cell properties and homeostasis; (2) Additionally, cluster 1 showed up-regulation of GO-BP terms associated with mitochondrial oxidative metabolism; (3) Cluster 3 displayed up-regulation of GO-BP terms related to cell proliferation; (4) Clusters 0 and 2 demonstrated similar up-regulation of GO-BP terms linked to collagen fibril organization and supramolecular fiber organization. However, only cluster 0 showed a significant decrease in GO-BP terms related to ribosome production, implying a potential correlation between ribosome regulation and the differentiation stages of AT-MSCs. Overall, our findings highlight heterogeneous cell clusters with varying balances between proliferation and differentiation before, and after, chondrogenic stimulation. This provides enhanced insights into the single-cell dynamics of AT-MSCs during chondrogenic differentiation.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.80-94
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to re-evaluate the importance of questions of obesity syndrome differentiation (OSD) questionnaire based on real-world survey and to explore the possibility of simplifying OSD types. Methods: The OSD frequency was identified, and variance threshold feature selection was performed to filter the questions. Filtered questions were clustered by K-means clustering and hierarchical clustering. After principal component analysis (PCA), the distribution patterns of the subjects were identified and the differences in the syndrome distribution were compared. Results: The frequency of OSD in spleen deficiency, phlegm (PH), and blood stasis (BS) was lower than in food retention (FR), liver qi stagnation (LS), and yang deficiency. We excluded 13 questions with low variance, 7 of which were related to BS. Filtered questions were clustered into 3 groups by K-means clustering; Cluster 1 (17 questions) mainly related to PH, BS syndromes; Cluster 2 (11 questions) related to swelling, and indigestion; Cluster 3 (11 questions) related to overeating or emotional symptoms. After PCA, significant different patterns of subjects were observed in the FR, LS, and other obesity syndromes. The questions that mainly affect the FR distribution were digestive symptoms. And emotional symptoms mainly affect the distribution of LS subjects. And other obesity syndrome was partially affected by both digestive and emotional symptoms, and also affected by symptoms related to poor circulation. Conclusions: In-depth data mining analysis identified relatively low importance questions and the potential to simplify OSD types.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.449-464
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• 2016

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify essential requirements of the instrument cluster's features and layout for elderly drivers through interview and paper prototyping. Background: Recent updates implemented in passenger vehicles require more complex information to be processed by drivers. Concurrently, a large portion of the US population, the baby boomer generation has aged, causing their physical and cognitive abilities to deter. Thus it is crucial that new methods be implemented into vehicle design in order to accommodate for the deterioration of mental and physical abilities. Method: Forty elderly drivers and twenty young drivers participated in this study. The test included three sessions including: 1) location value assessment to identify the priority of areas within the instrument cluster; 2) component value assessment to capture rankings of the degree of importance and frequency of use for possible instrument cluster components; and 3) paper prototyping to collect self-designed cluster with selection of designs for each component and location of features from each participant. Results: Results revealed differences in the area priority of the instrument cluster as well as the shape and location of component features for age and gender groups. Conclusion: The study provided insights on instrument cluster layout guidelines by proving elderly driver's mental model and preferred cluster design configurations to improve driving safety. Application: LCD-based vehicle instrument cluster design, with an adaptable feature configuration for cluster components and layouts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.405-410
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• 1996

Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using four Indonesian native chicken breeds; Kampung, Bangkok, Pelung and Kedu. Gene frequencies of four blood group (A, B, D and E) and eight electrophoretic loci (akp, Akp-2, Es-1, Amy-1, Alb, Tf, Pas and Pa-1) were examined. Geographical and breed specific trends in the gene frequencies were not found in the local population of Kampung breed or in four native breeds. The values of average heterozygosity were estimated as 0.35-0.45. Genetic distances among the local populations of Kampung breed and other native breeds were comparatively small. In a cluster analysis, the Bangkok breed and Kampung E population showed distance from another cluster. The coefficient of gene differentiation for local populations of Kampung breed was estimated as 0.099.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-24
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• 1966

1. The differentiation process of the cluster cells of compound eye in wild typed Drosophila melanogaster, born in Heuk San Do, Korea, was observed. 2. The eye disc of Drosophila melanogaster is originated from the frontal sac before hatching. 3. Clusteris bgin to form at the posterior end of the eye disc at the 2 nd instar larval stage, and the completed to differentiate in the eye disc at the 96 hours after hatching . 4. At the pupa stage, the eye cups are formed by clusters. 5. The eye cup begins to elongate and is changed into an ommatidium. 6. All organs of an ommatidium are completed in an omatidium at the old pupa stage(156-160 hours after hatching. )

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.129-141
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• 2015

This study classifies the types of spatio-functional differentiation in Korean island areas and analyses typical characters and suggests the development directions by each type. Eup/Myeon-level island areas are classified as six types by the factor analysis and the cluster analysis. First type is the traditional rural center. This type puts emphasis on maintaining phase as the central space and has to maximize development potential of the whole of settlement zone. Second type is the specialized region in manufacturing industry and the qualitative mutual growth of regional industries is able to be suggested. Third type is the specialized region in the neighborhood service provision. This type needs to devise the plan for utilizing potential customers actively and developing into the region specialized in tourism industry. Fourth type is the specialized region in tourism-support service functions. This type has to promote differentiated policies for maintaining amenity infra or value of countryside capital and preservation and utilization of resources by regional features. Fifth type is the fishing industry-dominated region. This type has to promote sustainable fishery development through the policy reflecting regional features and condition. Finally, sixth type is the sluggish region dominated with the traditional agriculture and fishery. This type is needed to aim at developing into the new food production base having the advantage of clean environment by strengthening support in specialized agro-fishery products. The existing researches on spatio-functional differentiation were mostly discussed with respect to land development, but this study highlights the difference in deal with the island areas distinguished from the condition of industry.