• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

Norovirus (NV) with a variety of genotypes, a member of the family Caliciviridae, causes acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. We determined the nucleotide sequence of three open reading frames (ORFs) of a NV Korean strain and characterized the genetic relationship with others. The Korean strain designated Hu/NLV/Gunpo/2006/KO was isolated from the stool specimen of a 2-year-old female suffering from gastroenteritis. By performing reverse transcription and PCR amplification, three overlapping cDNAs were synthesized and used for direct sequencing. We found that like other NVs, this strain contains three ORFs: ORF1, 5,100 bp; ORF2, 1,647 bp; ORF3, 765 bp. Of 35 NVs, ORF1 had a level of genetic diversity lower than ORF2 and ORF3, of which the C-termini of the ORF2 and ORF3 showed a relatively high degree of genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the Korean strain belonged to genogroup II, with Saitama U1, Gifu'96, Mc37, and Vietnam 026 being formed a single genetic cluster. The nucleotide sequence information of three ORFs of a NV Korean isolate will be useful not only for the development of a diagnostic tool and understanding of genetic relationship, but also provide important basic information for the functional analysis of their gene products.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.809-815
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• 1996

$Y_2O_3$-based metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure on p-Si(100) has been studied. Films were prepared by UHV reactive ionized cluster beam deposition (r-ICBD) system. The base pressure of the system was about $1 \times 10^{-9}$ -9/ Torr and the process pressure $2 \times 10^{-5}$ Torr in oxygen ambience. Glancing X-ray diffraction(GXRD) and in-situ reflection high energy electron diffracton(RHEED) analyses were performed to investigate the crystallinity of the films. The results show phase change from amorphous state to crystalline one with increasingqr acceleration voltage and substrate temperature. It is also found that the phase transformation from $Y_2O_3$(111)//Si(100) to $Y_2O_3$(110)//Si(100) in growing directions takes place between $500^{\circ}C$ and $700^{\circ}C$. Especially as acceleration voltage is increased, preferentially oriented crystallinity was increased. Finally under the condition of above substrate temperature $700^{\circ}C$ and acceleration voltage 5kV, the $Y_2O_3$films are found to be grown epitaxially in direction of $Y_2O_3$(1l0)//Si(100) by observation of transmission electron microscope(TEM). Capacitance-voltage and current-voltage measurements were conducted to characterize Al/$Y_2O_3$/Si MIS structure with varying acceleration voltage and substrate temperature. Deposited $Y_2O_3$ films of thickness of nearly 300$\AA$ show that the breakdown field increases to 7~8MV /cm at the same conditon of epitaxial growing. These results also coincide with XPS spectra which indicate better stoichiometric characteristic in the condition of better crystalline one. After oxidation the breakdown field increases to 13MV /cm because the MIS structure contains interface silicon oxide of about 30$\AA$. In this case the dielectric constant of only $Y_2O_3$ layer is found to be $\in$15.6. These results have demonstrated the potential of using yttrium oxide for future VLSI/ULSI gate insulator applications.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.483-494
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• 2007

The properties of fracture system on road-cut slopes along the Busan-Ulsan express way under construction are investigated and analyzed. Fracture spacing distributions show log-normal form with extension fractures and negative exponential form with shear fractures. Straight line segments in log-log plots of cumulative fracture length indicate a power-law scaling with exponents of -1.13 in site 1, -1.01 in site 2 and -1.52 in site 3. It is likely that the stability and strength of rock mass are the lowest in site 1 as judged from the analyses of spacing, density and inter-section of fractures in three sites. In contrast, the highest efficiency of the fracture network for conducting fluid flow is seen in site 3 where the largest cluster occupies 73% through the window map. Based on the field survey data, this study modified weighting values of the RMR system using a multiple regression analysis method. The analysis result suggests a modified weighting values of the RMR parameters as follows; 18 for the intact strength of rock; 61 for RQD; 2 for spacing of discontinuities; 2 for the condition of discontinuities; and 17 for ground water.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.591-600
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• 2006

Purpose: This study assessed the impact of self-reported periodontal health on the oral health-related quality of life among elderly Koreans. Methods: Four hundred twenty one elderly Koreans in Seoul and suburban areas were selected with a cluster (institution) sampling method, and were requested to take oral examinations and finish questionnaires on the Oral Health Impact Profile-14(OHIP-14). and self-reported periodontal health status, such as periodontal symptoms, self-rated periodontal health and periodontal treatment need. As the dependent variable, OHIP-14 showed a positive skewed distribution (skewness: 1.17), we transformed to square-root form to apply parametric analyses. Bivariate analysis by t-test and ANOVA, and multivariate analysis with the two-level regression model accounting clusters were implemented. Results: Mean age of the subjects was 74.6 years and 66.5% were women. Fourteen items of OHIP-14 were summarized to one factor explaining 78.6% of total variance and produced the Chronbach alpha coefficient of 0.92. Results from the multivariate model, adjusting for age, sex, type of institutions, ability to pay, and number of teeth present, showed significantly lower OHIP-14 with reporting less than 3 periodontal symptoms (p(O.OOO1), rating their own periodontal health as above average level (p=O.0144), and thinking they don't need any periodontal treatments in the near future (p=O.0148), than their counterparts. The intraclass-corrrelation estimated by the final model was 0.028. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant association between self-reported periodontal health status and the oral health-related quality of life.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2020

Objectives: The quality of life (QoL) of the elderly and elder abuse are growing public health concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of abuse and the association between QoL and abuse in older adults. Methods: Multistage random cluster sampling, along with valid QoL (LEIPAD: LEIden, the Netherlands; PADua, Italy; Helsinki, Finland) and abuse questionnaires, were used to assess QoL and elder abuse. Path analysis was performed using Mplus. SPSS and AMOS were used for the other analyses. Results: A total of 386 elderly individuals with a mean age of 68.00±6.10 years were interviewed, of whom 200 (51.8%), 289 (74.9%), and 376 (97.4%) were women, educated, and married, respectively. Moreover, 167 (43.2%) had low-to-moderate QoL, and 108 (27.9%) had experienced a moderate level of abuse. QoL and abuse were inversely associated (r=-0.253), with men (β=-0.24) more affected than women (β=-0.21). Musculoskeletal disorders were also strong determinants of QoL in the elderly. QoL was strongly associated with emotional abuse, while abuse was highly related to the social component of QoL. Furthermore, emotional abuse was the type of abuse most significantly associated with the self-care, depression/anxiety, cognitive, and social components of QoL. Sexual abuse, violation of personal rights, and neglect were the main determinants of the physical functioning, life satisfaction, and sexual domains of QoL, respectively. Conclusions: Nearly half of the elderly individuals lacked a high QoL, and at least one-fourth had experienced some form of abuse. Elder abuse was correlated inversely with QoL. Therefore, preventive interventions are recommended to decrease elder abuse in the family, community, and other settings.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.646-655
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• 2015

A phytosociological survey carried out using the Z.-M. School’s methodology and system of numerical-classification analyses, this study sought to classify the syntaxa of forest vegetation on Mt. Byeokbang and to collect basic data on the transitional zones of the southern Korean peninsula’s coastal region. The syntaxa were classified into three physiognomic types and nine communities, including (1) evergreen coniferous forests (Eurya japonica-Pinus thunbergii community and Ardisia japonica-Pinus densiflora community), (2) summer-green, broad-leaved forests (Chloranthus japonicus-Quercus serrate community, Syneilesis palmata-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus acutissima community, Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana community, Fraxinus siebolidiana-Quercus dentate community, and Deutzia glabrata-Lindera erythrocarpa community), and (3) artificial afforestation (Alnus firma afforestation). The Chloranthus japonicus-Quercus serrata community, Syneilesis palmata-Quercus mongolica community, Fraxinus siebolidiana-Quercus dentata community, Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana, community and Deutzia glabrata-Lindera erythrocarpa community were closely evaluated for national vegetation naturalness. It was confirmed that the Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana community was endemic to Korea. Most syntaxa were defined as a secondary forestation due to various human activities (e.g., forest fires, logging, digging, climbing, etc.). The results of a canonical-correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that human activities, altitude, humus depth, rock cover ratio, slope, etc. were the main ecological factors determining the classified plant communities’ distribution patterns.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.379-388
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• 1999

As a first step for delineating the provenance regions of the forest trees in Korea, horizontal zones have been deduced primarily from the various climatic factors such as annual mean temperature, extremely low temperature, relative humidity, annual gum of possible growing days, duration of sunshine and dry index. The basic concept to the delineation of the provenance regions was based on the ecological regions, which was likely to be more practical than that on the basis of the typical provenance regions at the species level. Primary classification of the regions has been based on the forest zones(sub-tropical, warm-temperate, mid-temperate and cool-temperate) as a broad geographic region. Further classification has been carried out using cluster analyses among the basic regions within forest zone. On the basis of clustering, a total of 19 regions including 3 from sub-tropical, 6 from warm-temperate, 8 from mid-temperate and 2 from cool-temperate was horizontally delineated. Of the mean values of 6 climate factors at the broad geographic region level, three factors such as annual mean temperature, extremely low temperature, annual growing days showed directional tendencies from subtropical to cool-temperate, while the others didn't. The values of relative humidity, duration of sunshine and dry index varied among the provenance regions within forest zone. These three factors might he more sensitive by the micro-environment condition than by the macro-environment condition. Present study aimed to delineate the primary provenance regions for tentative application to forest practices. These will be stepwise revised through the supplement using accumulated information regard to genecological data.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1121-1126
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• 2009

This paper describes a pattern recognition method of Magnoliae flos based on a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis of the essential oil components. The botanical drug is mainly comprised of the four magnolia species (M. denudata, M. biondii, M. kobus, and M. liliflora) in Korea, although some other species are also being dealt with the drug. The GC/MS separation of the volatile components, which was extracted by the simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE), was performed on a carbowax column (supelcowax 10; 30 m{\time}0.25 mm{\time}0.25{\mu}m$) using temperature programming. Variance in the retention times for all peaks of interests was within RSD 2% for repeated analyses (n = 9). Of the 74 essential oil components identified from the magnolia species, approximately 10 major components, which is $\alpha$-pinene, $\beta$-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, d-limonene, eucarlyptol (1,8-cineol), $\gamma$-terpinene, p-cymene, linalool, $\alpha$-terpineol, were commonly present in the four species. For statistical analysis, the original dataset was reduced to the 13 variables by Fisher criterion and factor analysis (FA). The essential oil patterns were processed by means of the multivariate statistical analysis including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). All samples were divided into four groups with three principal components by PCA and according to the plant origins by HCA. Thirty-three samples (23 training sets and 10 test samples to be assessed) were correctly classified into the four groups predicted by PCA. This method would provide a practical strategy for assessing the authenticity or quality of the well-known herbal drug, Magnoliae flos.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.254-268
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to determine the relative importance of restaurant attributes, preference in choosing a restaurant and to find out differences between segments. The web survey was conducted among 400 customers(aged from 20~39 years old) who lived in Seoul and Kyunggi, Incheon Province, from the period of August 23 to September 4, 2009. The statistical data analyses were performed using SPSS/WIN 12.0 for the conjoint analysis. The main results of this study were as follows : according to the analysis on the attributes and the levels of restaurants, the relative importance of restaurant attributes was assessed in taste (43.46%), price(27.62%), restaurant type(18.49%) and atmosphere(10.44%). Differences were found among three segments by the cluster analysis. Relative importance of restaurant attributes was assessed in price (45.96%), restaurant type(40.00%), taste(11.93%) and atmosphere(2.11%) in segment 1, taste(50.93%), price (33.37%), restaurant type(10.75%) and atmosphere(4.95%) in segment 2 and taste(56.24%), restaurant type (22.60%), price(14.06%) and atmosphere(7.10%) in segment 3. The results of the conjoint analysis indicated that customers preferred a restaurant with 'tasty food & various menu items', 'food priced 10,000~20,000 won', 'calm atmosphere' and 'the type of family restaurant'. The customers in segment 1 preferred a restaurant with 'not tasty food & simple menu', 'food priced more than 20,000 won', 'calm atmosphere' and 'the type of fine-dining restaurant'. The customers in segments 2 preferred a restaurant with 'tasty food & various menu items', 'food priced less than 10,000 won', 'exciting atmosphere' and 'the type of fine-dining restaurant' and the customers in segments 3 preferred a restaurant with 'tasty food & various menu items', 'food priced 10,000~20,000 won', 'calm atmosphere' and 'the type of family restaurant'.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.409-426
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• 2009

In the four sedimentary cores from Yeoja Bay, the analyses of grain size, benthic foraminiferal species compositions, assemblages and statistics were carried out to investigate the effects of late Holocene sea-level change on benthic foraminifera. The core sediments were mainly composed of fine-grained silt and clay. The benthic foraminifera were classified into 27 species of 16 genera, 30 species of 21 genera, 50 species of 29 genera and 52 species of 29 genera in Core YC-1 to 4, respectively. In the result of cluster analysis, it seemed that Group 1 (Core YC-1 and 2) of representative A. beccarii assemblages was deposited in upper bay environment and Group 2 (Core YC-3 and 4) of representative E. clavatum-A. beccarii assemblages was deposited in inner bay environment affected by offshore water. In the result of species composition analysis, the production frequency of A. beccarii was gradually decreased from low layer to upper layer, whereas production frequency of E. clavatum and P.F./T.F. was gradually increased to upward. These change patterns appeared in benthic and planktonic foraminifera seemed to reflect the late Holocene sea-level rise in Yeoja Bay.