• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.350-361
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• 1996

The objectives of this study mere 1) to investigate whether the different nonwoven fabric types influenced on the objective and subjective wear performances of the experimental pesticide protective pants, 2) to detect whether the different finishes treated to the nonwoven fabrics influenced on the objective and subjective wear performances of the experimental pants, and 3) to detect the relationships between objective wear performances and subjective wear sensation. Three types of nonwoven fabrics (T (Tyvek$\textregistered$), 5 (Sontara$\textregistered$) and K (Kimlon$\textregistered$)) were used as test specimens. By pad-dry.cure method, each of the specimen was treated with fluorocarbon compound for water-oil repellent finish (Tw, Sw, Kw). And each of specimen was treated with organic silicon quarternary ammonium salts and then treated with fluorocabon compound for dual functional finish (76, 50, Kd). Using the three water-oil repellent finished fabrics and the three dual functional finished fabrics, six experimental protective pants (Cl (Tw), C2 (Sw), C3 (Kw), C4 (76), C5 (56), C6 (Kd)) were made according to the same pattern suggested by the Rual Guidance Office. The wear trials of experimental pesticide protective pants were performed in a conditioned vinyl plastic hothouse ($30\pm1^{\circ}C$, $70\pm5%$R.H., 0.25m/sec air velocity). The measurements of skin temperature, microclimate temperature and humidity on the subjects were obtained by the themohygromenter. The subjective wear sensations were measured using previously developed thermal, humidity and overall comfort scales. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1) There were siginificant differences among nonwoven fabric types on the objective and subjective wear performances, therefore, the skin temperature, microclimate temperature and humidity of subjects who wore the experimental pants made with Sontara were siginificantly lower than those who wore the others. And, the experimental pants made with Sontara were assessed as more comfortable than the others in terms of the subjective thermal, humidity and overall wear sensations. 2) There were no significant differences between two finish types on the objective and subjective wear Performances. 3) The microclimate humidity on the thigh was highly correlated with the overall subjective comfort sensations and the next highly correlated one was the mean skin temperature. That is, the higher the microclimate humidity and the mean skin temperature, the higher the overall subjective comfort sensation ratings which mean the overall subjective sensation was very uncomfortable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.36-50
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was 1) to estimate the improvement of thermal storage/release and moisture transport properties of PEG-treated acrylic athletic socks and suggest the optimum add-on for PEG treatment, 2) to investigate wear performance of untreated cocks and two kinds of socks treated with PEG of minimum and optimum add-on respectively, and 3) to consider the effect of thermal storage/release and moisture transport properties of PEG- treated socks on the wear performance and the subjective comfort zone. Thermal activities of specimens treated by PDC were evaluated on a DSC by measuring the heat of fusion on heating and the heat of crystallization on cooling. Moisture regain, absorption speed, wickability, water retenti on value, and water-vapor permeability were measured. In the wear trials that the subjects performed a subsequent exercise protocol wearing three differently treated socks in a conditioned environment ($14\pm2^{\circ}C$, 65$\pm$2% R.H.), microclimate temperature and humidity, and subjective wear sensations including thermal sensation, wettedness, softness, fit, and overall comfort were obtained. PEC-treated specimens with more than 20% add-on showed thermal storage on heating and thermal release on cooling by a DSC and the heat contents of treated ones were generally proportional to the add-ons. Moisture transport properties were highly improved after PEG treatment and increased rapidly with increasing add-on. The tendencies were, however, relaxed above 50% add-on and the treated knits were much stiffer above that add-on. In the wear trials of untreated, PEG add-on 20%, and 50% acrylic socks, the changes of microclimate temperature of 50% socks were significantly less than that of 20% socks. PEG add-on 50% socks showed significantly less changes of microclimate humidity than other two kinds of socks. Three kinds of socks showed significant differences in overall comfort and add-on 50% socks were accepted more comfortable than other two kinds of socks. Comfort zone of foot was extended after PEG treatment on socks and it implied that the subjects wearing PEG- treated socks felt comfortable in wider ranges of microclimate temperature and humidity.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.853-861
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• 2020

Various types of clothing are being developed to boost thermal comfort during cold winters along with research on change of body temperature when heating is applied. There is a noticeable behavioral difference by gender when using heating panels in a cold environment; however, research on women has been insufficient. This study find a temperature range that provides sustainable thermal comfort in a low temperature environment by observing temperature and change of temperature when subjects are classified according to physical activities or cold sensitivities. For the study results, 8 women in their 20s were subjected to experiment in a low temperature environment for 75 minutes (sitting position: 30 min., running: 15 min., and sitting position: 30 min.). Subjects were asked to turn on/off the heating panel freely to analyze the range of comfortable temperature and clothing microclimate; in addition, skin temperature and heating panel temperature were measured and analyzed at 9 points. As a result, temperature at which subjects turn on and off the heating panel indicated a statistically meaningful difference between the cold sensitivity group depending on exercise or non-exercise. The range of comfortable abdomen temperature was wider than the lower back and was significantly reduced when the subject was running. The range of comfortable temperature was also largest for the heating panel temperature, microclimate, and skin temperature in suggesting that adequate adjustment will be required depending on the surrounding environment or movement of the wearer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1387-1395
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• 1997

Effects of the ambient air temperature and the opening position on the pattern of the clothing ventilation of a thermal manikin wearing an impermeable blouse were investigated by the trace gas method. Under an isothermal condition, the ventilation was governed by diffusion, and the ventilation rate through the wrist-openings was greatly affected by the distance from the openings. Under non-isothermal conditions, however, the ventilation was accelerated by the convection driven by the temperature gradient between the clothing microclimate and the surrounding air; the greater the temperature gradient, the greater the ventilation. Even though it was certainly affected by the ambient air temperature, the ventilation rate was more significantly influenced by the position of openings. The ventilation patterns at the arm and the body were distinctive.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.342-353
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate far-infrared clothing (FIR condition) with non-far-infrared clothing (Control condition) to assess the effects of FIR on thermo-physiological responses. Eight young healthy males (23.0±2.3 yr, 176.5±3.7 cm, and 69.0±4.3 kg) participated in this experimental trial, which consisted of a 20 min rest followed by a 40 min walk (4.0 km·hr^-1) and a 20 min recovery at 20℃ with 50%RH. The results showed that finger skin blood flow and mean skin temperature were significantly higher for the FIR condition than the control during exercise and recovery (p<.001). Clothing microclimate temperature of the FIR condition was 0.5℃ higher on the back (p=.001) and 0.4℃ higher on the thigh (p=.015) during recovery. Clothing microclimate relative humidity of the FIR condition was 13% higher on the chest (p=.006) and 19% higher on the back (p<.001) during exercise than control. Subjects felt warmer and more comfortable in the FIR condition than in the control (p<.05). Perceived skin wettedness (%BSA) was less in the FIR condition than in the control (p=.001). These results indicate that ceramic-embedded clothing had significant effects on thermoregulatory responses for light activity in an indoor environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.14 no.1 s.33
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• pp.20-30
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• 1990

In order to investigate the mechanism of the formation of clothing microclimate with different blouse designs and materials, physiological and subjective sensational changes were measured. Experimental clothing were four types of blouse made of $100\%$ cotton, $100\%$ regular polyes­ter, and $100\%$ hygroscopic polyester. Four types of box style blouse were with stand collar and long sleeve, with stand collar and sleeveless, with long sleeve and collarless, and sleeveless and collarless. Five healthy female were chosen as subjects. Experiments were carried out in the environ­mental chamber controlled at $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ , $70{\pm}5\%$ RH. and still-air condition for SO min. The skin temperature (9 spots), oral temperature, humidity inside chest, and subjective sensations were measured. Obtained results are: I) Material which is capable of absorbing sweat effectively and transfering moisture rapidly made a comfortable feeling, because cloth­ing humidity is increasing slowly at this material. 2) During exercise period, covered arms have more influenced on thermal comfort than a covered neck.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.55-72
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal resistance of pesticideprotective clothing and to investigate its subjective wear performance. Three different nonwoven fabrics, which provide barrier properties against water and pesticide, were used to manufacture the experimental clothing: spunbonded nonwoven (SB), spunbonded/meltblown/spunbonded nonwoven (SM), and spunlaced nonwoven (SL). The thermal insulation values of the experimental clothing were measured with a thermal manikin, and other wear trials were performed on human subjects in a climate chamber at $28^{\circ}C$, with 70% R.H. and air movement at less than 0.15m/s. Our results found that the thermal resistance was lower in the SB experimental clothing than in the others; that the mean skin temperature of subjects who wore the experimental clothing made with SL was significantly lower than that of subjects who wore the SB and SM clothing; and that the microclimate temperature and humidity with SB were significantly higher than that of the others. Overall, the experimental clothing made with SL was more comfortable than the others in terms of subjective wear sensations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.292-302
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal properties of lab gowns developed from the point of safety and work efficiency. We evaluated thermal and subjective responses of subjects wearing functional new lab gowns (Type B, C, D) and a popular lab gown on the market (Type A). Type B was a new lab gown made of woven fabric with functional cuffs. Type C was a new apron made of woven fabric with arm protectors. Type D was a new lab gown made of non-woven material with functional cuffs and openings around the armpits. Temperature in the climatic chamber was set at 19$^{\circ}$C as an indoor temperature in winter and at 24$^{\circ}$C in summer. There were no significant differences in rectal temperature and heart rate among four types of gowns and between two air temperatures for 120 min. Mean skin temperature was much higher in the type A and B than in He type C and D (p .05). In the 19$^{\circ}$C air, clothing microclimate temperature on the back was the highest in the type B and was the lowest in the type C (p .05). Clothing microclimate humidity was not significant differences among gowns. In subjective .esponses, subjects perceived that Type B was the warmest gown in the 19$^{\circ}$C and the hottest and more humid in the 24$^{\circ}$C than other gowns. Inversely, type C was the coolest gown among four gowns. Both in the 19$^{\circ}$C and in the 24$^{\circ}$C, the Type D had gained most responses of being comfortable. In conclusion, the temperature difference of 5$^{\circ}$C was more of an influencing factor than the difference from four types of lab gowns. Secondly, we recommend the manufacturers to make lab gowns with functional cuffs for safety purposes. Thirdly, the spread of the type of apron with arm protector will contribute to increase of the frequency of wearing in summer. Fourthly, it is necessary to study continuously about lab gowns with non-woven materials for researchers exposed to toxic chemical and biological materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.582-590
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal properties of Taekwondo wears with three different materials. As a begging step, the questionnaire survey about the actual condition of Taekwondo wears was conducted. With the results of the questionnaire, cotton/nylon(70/30) blended fabric(CN) that was newly woven with sweat absorbent finishing and cotton/spandex(95/5) blended fabric with flexibility property were developed. The same designed 3 Taekwondo wears with 3 different materials which were two different materials(CN and CS) and a current material(cotton/PET, CP) were made. Four young males volunteered for this study, they kicked and punched as Taekwondo action for 20 minutes. Mean skin temperature was the highest in CS(33.1${\pm}$0.8$^{\circ}C$) and the lowest in CP(32.7${\pm}$0.6$^{\circ}C$). Increasing degree of rectal temperature didn't show any significant difference. Clothing microclimate temperature on the thigh was higher in CS(32.8${\pm}$17.4$^{\circ}C$) than in CN(29.4${\pm}$1.1$^{\circ}C$) and CP(29.4${\pm}$1.0$^{\circ}C$). Clothing microclimate temperature on the back and humidity on the thigh didn't show any significant differences. Clothing microclimate humidity on the back was higher in CP(65${\pm}$20%RH) than in CS(61${\pm}$17％RH). Heart rate, total body weight loss, and local sweating were not significantly different by materials. Most subject responded more hot in CN than in others, but there were no significant differences at the subjective sensation of thermal humidity. They answered more comfortable in CN than in others. Tectile sensations were the best in CN and the worst in CS. From those results, first of all, it is necessary to be weighted on Taekwondo wears made of CN in the aspects of the dignity of military arts uniform. Secondly, CS was required to be lighted and enhanced for the subjective sensation. Third, CP weaved honey comb was asked more various design to eliminate sweat high competition power within the scope of the dignity of military arts uniform.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.346-352
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• 2000

The purposes of this study are finding out thermophysiological properties throughout wearing experiment with standard cooling vest as well as providing data in order to design and apply more comfortable cooling vest. To do this study, we produced cooling vest newly. 1. Rectal temperature was ascended approximately from $37.2^{\circ}C$ to $38.05^{\circ}C$ in lab, but wearing cooling vest, the temperature was descended 0.2 while wearing developed product compare with existing product. Mean skin temperature which was showed distribution from $32.8{\sim}36.5^{\circ}C$, it was descended $1.0{\sim}1.1^{\circ}C$, while wearing cooling vest and comparing with existing product, wearing developed product was lower $0.5^{\circ}C$. 2. While wearing developed cooling vest, it was found that they had lower tendency than standard cooling vest. Specifically in case of temperature within clothing (chest) $0.2{\sim}2.0^{\circ}C$ in case of humidity within clothing 2~8%RH. Facts from above we confirmed that clothing microclimate had been improved and space was happened between body and garment in order to control. 3. In subjective sensation, standard cooling vest made negative response during experiment period from participants, but new cooling vest was nearing to comfortable area. It was con finned from above conclusions that wearing developed product is more effective in terms of comfort and reduction of heat stress in situation of working in hot environment.