• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2004

The home health care industry has grown rapidly and can be expected to continue to grow in the foreseeable future. Home health care refers to the practice of nursing applied to clients with a health condition in the clients place of residence. clients and their designated care givers are the focus at home health nursing practice. The goal of care is to initiate. manage and evaluate the resources needed to promote the clients optimal level of well-being and function. Nursing activities necessary to achieve this goal may warrant preventive maintenance and restorative emphases to prevent potential problems from developing. Many project program were suggested home health care model for Korea's health care system and policy direction for expansion and establishment of home health care .But the aim of this paper is to provide on overview for theoretical frame work in home health care. Theories and conceptual frameworks or models are important nursing because they define and guide the boundaries of professional practice and identify key nurse-patient-caregiver relationships that emerge with caring. Following is the research with an investigation of the literature review in the University of Arizona international medline database, In conclusion, are as followers: First, many nursing theorists have had a tremendous impact on nursing practice. the following highlights those nursing theorists that are particularly helpful in understanding home health care. 1. Florence Nightingale : Our earliest theoretical legacy. Nightingale's believes are reflected in basic infection control practice such as hand washing and infectious waste disposal and are key nursing interventions in home care. 2. Martha Roger's :Science of unitary human beings theory. Rorger's believed that the focus of shared. non invasive healing modelities is the human environmental field rather than direct physical care. These modelities continue to evolve as our awareness (reflecting greater diversity, faster rhythms, motions, and ways of knowing) transcends time and space, allowing individuals to get in touch with their integral nature of unbroken wholeness. On people as ever changing energy fields have special relevance in home care especially with hospice and palliative care applications. 3. Madeline Leininger's; Transcultural nursing theory. Home care nurses move through a variety of communities and often care for patients from different cultural back grounds. Therefore Leininger's work has a good that with home care because home care nursing practice is very culturally focused. 4. Dorothea Orem's : Self care deficit theory. Orem's theory views care as something to be performed by both nurses and patients. The role of the nurse is to provide education and support that help patients acquire the necessary activities to perform self-care. Orem's theory is foundational to have care because it begins to truly acknowledge the role of the patient in managing his or her own health. which is referred to as self-care. 5. Margaret Neuman's; Health as expending consciousness theory. Neuman believes that health compasses disease and reflects an underlying pattern of person-environment interaction. A key application of 'Neuman's work to home care is for nurses to understand that health and illness do not necessarily exist at opposite ends of a continuum. 6. Jean Watson's: Theory of human caring. Watson's theory of human caring in nursing proposes human caring as the moral ideal of nursing. Nurses participate human caring to protect, enhance and preserve humanity by assisting individuals to fing meaning in illness. pain and existence and to help others gain self knowledge. self control. and self healing such thinking lends richness to theory development. as well as clinical practice in home care. Second, Robin Rice : Dynamic self determination for self care. (A theoretical framework for home care) Dynamical self determination for self care can be useful to home care nurses in a variety of ways. As research tool it can be reflected in the interview process when the home visit. The home care nurse's role is that of facilitator of patient self-determination for self care through numerous strategies. including patient education and case management.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2007

임신 및 수유기 동안의 우울증의 치료에 관한 연구 실적을 고려했을 때 일반적인 우울증과는 구분하여 치료계획을 수립하는 것이 필요하다. 이에 저자들은 체계적인 검색을 통해 광범위하게 조사를 하였으나, 임신과 수유기 우울증 환자의 약물치료에 대한 근거는 아직까지 전체적으로 부족한 것으로 생각된다. 임신과 수유기 우울증의 치료는 그 시점과 개개인의 상황에 따라 최선의 의사결정을 해야 한다. 의사 결정은 위험과 이득에 관한 평가에 기초해서 이루어져야 하는데, 여기에는 약물치료의 위험과 우울증의 위험, 약물의 위험과 대체 치료의 위험, 그리고 정신치료의 효과가 지연되었을 때의 위험과 산모의 안전에 대한 위험 등을 모두 저울질 해보는 것이 포함된다. 또한 임신과 우울증 그리고 치료의 이득과 위험에 대해 산모와 보호자에게 충분히 상담을 해주고 동의를 구한 후에 치료가 이루어져야 한다. 증상을 조기에 발견하여 치료하는 것이 중요하고, 일단 치료가 시작되면 출산 후까지 지속적으로 재발 예방을 해야 한다. 각 치료법은 우울증의 정도에 따라 선택하는 것이 바람직한데, 경도에서 중등도 우울증의 경우 정신사회적 치료법과 더불어 광선치료와 같은 비약물학적 치료를 먼저 제공하고, 중등도에서 심한 정도의 우울증이나 재발 위험이 높은 우울증의 경우 정신사회적 치료와 약물치료를 함께 실시하도록 한다. 또한 자살의 위험성이 있는 우울증이거나 약물을 잘 견딜 수 없는 경우라면 전기충격요법을 활용할 수 있다. 약물을 선택할 때에는 정보에 기초하여 약을 선택하는 것이 바람직하고 용량도 치료 반응을 얻을 수 있는 가능한 최소한의 용량을 선택하도록 하며, 시기에 따라 약물의 용량을 조절해야 한다. 지난 10여 년간 선택적 세로토닌 재흡수 차단제의 임신과 수유기 동안의 안전성에 관한 연구 결과들이 발표되고 있고, 일차 치료제로써 선택되어지고 있다. 하지만 일반적으로 비교적 최근에 출시된 항우울제들은 임신이나 주산기 동안에 산모나 태아에게 미치는 영향에 대해 연구가 상대적으로 덜 이루어졌기 때문에 아직까지는 덜 권장되고 있다. 결론적으로, 임상의들은 임신과 수유기 동안의 우울증 치료 전략을 현재까지 수행된 연구 근거의 양과 수준을 감안하여 받아들여야 하고, 아직까지 명백한 결론을 이끌어 내기에는 부족하기 때문에 향후 관련 분야의 연구 결과들에 대해 예의 주시하여야 한다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2011

하악운동이상증(oromandibular dystonia, OMD)은 턱이나 구강조직의 반복적, 불수의적, 비정상적인 움직임으로 정의되며 저작기능과 교합에 문제를 초래하여 치과치료를 어렵게 하고 보철물의 유지곤란을 야기할 뿐 아니라 잦은 구강 연조직 손상이나 만성 안면통증의 원인이 되기도 하므로 치과의사의 관심이 필요한 질환이다. 본 연구는 단국대학교 치과대학 부속치과 병원 구강내과에 내원하여 OMD로 진단되어 치료를 받은 환자들의 병력기록부상의 관련 항목을 조사하여 OMD 환자들의 임상적 특징과 치료 유형을 분석하였다. 2007년 8월부터 2010년 4월까지 단국치대 부속병원 구강내과에 내원한 78명의 OMD 환자는 평균 72세의 고령이었으며 여자가 남자에 비해 3.6배 많았고, 평균 10개월 이상의 비교적 긴 병력기간을 보였다. 내원한 OMD 환자의 가장 흔한 주소는 턱의 통증이었으며 그 다음으로 빈도가 높은 주소는 턱과 구강조직의 조절 안 되는 반복적인 움직임과 구강조직의 통증이었다(p=0.000). OMD 유형은 페구형(jaw-closing dystonia)이 가장 많았고, 측방운동형(lateral jaw-deviation dystonia)과 복합형(combination dystonia)도 많이 발생하였다(p=0.001). 환자의 60% 이상은 OMD 발생과 관련하여 뚜렷한 원인을 인지하지 못했으나 약 19%의 환자들은 보철치료, 발치 등의 치과치료와 관련 있다고 보고하였다(p=0.000). 본원에 내원한 환자는 약물치료가 가장 먼저 시도되었고 진정제(clonazepam)가 거의 모든 환자(97%)에서 처방되었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, OMD는 뚜렷하게 노인, 특히 여성에게 많이 발생하는 질환으로서 턱과 구강조직의 통증을 유발하며 과반수 이상은 뚜렷한 원인을 모르지만 일부 환자들은 치과치료 후에 자신의 문제를 처음 인지하는 경향이 있다. 그러므로 치과의사는 환자를 치료할 때 OMD의 존재를 간과하지 않도록 관심과 주의를 기울일 필요가 있다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2018

일부 지역 치위생(학)과 3, 4학년 학생 196명을 대상으로 장애인의 전반적인 인식, 장애인 치과학에 대한 교육 여부, 장애인 환자 구강관리 역량 자가평가를 자기기입식 설문지를 이용하여 조사하였다. 그 결과, 대상자의 대부분이 장애인이나 장애인 환자에 대한 긍정적인 인식을 가지고 있었으며 84.7%는 장애인 전문 치과위생사 양성이 필요하고 76.5%는 졸업 후에 장애인 치과진료 관련 세미나에 참가할 의향이 있다고 하였다. 그러나, 전체 대상자의 각 장애인별 업무역량에 대한 자가평가는 보통 수준 미만으로 장애인 치과치료에 대한 업무역량이 충분하지 않다고 생각하고 있었다. 대상자의 71.4%는 교과 및 비교과 교육과정에서 장애인 치과진료를 경험하였으며 경험을 한 대상자가 장애인 환자에 대한 지식, 구강보건교육, 구강병 예방처치, 진료보조, 의사소통의 대부분 영역에서 본인의 역량을 유의한 수준으로 높게 평가하였다. 이론교육이 충분하였다고 응답한 군에서도 충분하지 않았다고 응답한 군에 비해 장애인 환자 관리 역량에 대해 유의하게 높은 수준으로 자가평가를 하였다. 이를 토대로 보았을 때 현재 교육과정상 치위생(학)과 학생들의 장애인 치과치료에 대한 업무역량은 부족한 것으로 보이나 장애인 환자의 구강건강 관리 및 치과진료 보조에 대해 긍정적이며 장애인 환자에 대한 경험과 이론 교육 등이 효과를 나타낸다고 판단된다. 따라서, 교육과정에 장애인 치과학이 포함될 수 있도록 제도적 뒷받침이 필요하고 충분한 이론교육과 실습교육을 병행하여 장애인 환자의 구강건강 향상에 이바지할 수 있는 인력을 양성하도록 해야 한다. 또한, 현장 임상실습 교육 시 장애인 환자를 경험할 수 있는 여건을 마련하고 장애인 전문 치과위생사 양성에 대한 심도 있는 논의도 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.557-566
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• 2009

목 적 : 소아에서 나타나는 편두통은 어른과는 달리 구토, 복통, 어지럼증 등의 관련 증상이 두통 자체보다도 더 뚜렷하다는 특징이 있다. 주기성구토증후군(cyclic vomiting syndrome, CVS), 복부편두통(abdominal migraine, AM), 소아기 양성 돌발현훈(benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood, BPVC)은 최근 새롭게 개편된 제2차 국제두통학회 두통분류에서 편두통의 전 단계 질환으로 나타나는 소아기주기성증후군으로 분류되었으나 현재까지 국내에서는 이 질환에 대한 보고는 아직 없는 상태이다. 이에 우리나라 실제 임상현장에서 관찰되는 소아기주기성증후군을 구성하는 세 가지 질환에 대하여 각각의 빈도와 그 임상 양상을 알아보고 외국의 연구들과 비교 분석하여 어떤 차이를 보이는지 살펴봄으로써 우리나라 소아청소년에서의 이 질환의 특징을 확인하기 위하여 본 연구를 실시하였다. 방 법 : 2006년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 대한민국 도심에 위치한 주요 5개 병원의 소아신경과를 방문한 환자를 대상으로 실시한 연구로서 2차 개정된 국제두통학회의 두통분류 진단기준에 따라 갑작스런 구토, 복통, 어지럼증을 보이는 환자를 각각 CVS, AM, BPVC 세 개의 군으로 분류하여 그들 사이의 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 1) 대상 환자는 총 44명으로 CVS 20명, AM 8명, BPVC 16명이었고 남아 16명, 여아 28명으로 1:1.75의 남녀 비율을 보였으며(CVS 1:3, AM 1:1.7, BPVC 1:1), 외국의 보고와는 달리 본 연구에서는 여아가 많았다. 2) 증상이 시작된 연령은 CVS $6.3{\pm}3.6$세, AM $8.5{\pm}2.7$세, BPVC $8.5{\pm}2.9$세 이었으며 진단이 이루어진 연령은 각각 $8.0{\pm}3.4$세, $10.5{\pm}2.6$세, $10.1{\pm}3.2$세로 세 질환 모두 증상의 시작 연령 및 진단 연령이 외국에 비해 늦었다. 3) 대상환자 중 17명(38.6%)에서 반복성 두통 증상이 동반 되였으며[CVS 7명(35%), AM 4명(50%), BPVC 6명(37.5%)], 세 질환 중 AM에서 가장 많이 동반되었다. 4) 전형적인 편두통 증상은 11명(25%)에서 동반되었으며 세 질환 모두에서 비슷한 비율[CVS 5명(25%), AM 2명(25%), BPVC 4명(25%)]으로 나타났다. 5) 편두통의 가족력은 [CVS 4명, (20%), AM 2명(25%), BPVC 3명(18.8%)] 등 총 9명(20.4%)에서 확인할 수 있었으며 통계적으로 의미 있는 차이는 없었으나 AM에서 편두통의 가족력 동반이 가장 많았고, 이는. BPVC에서 가장 많은 편두통 가족력을 보이는 외국의 결과와는 다소 차이가 있었다. 결 론 : 우리나라의 경우 증상의 발현시기 및 진단시기가 모두 외국에 비해 다소 늦은데, 이는 우리나라에서 소아청소년을 치료하는 의료진들이 아직 이 질환을 잘 인지하지 못하고 있기 때문이 아닌지 추론해 볼 수 있다. 원인이 불분명한 반복적인 심한 구토, 복통, 어지럼증을 호소하는 소아에서는 반드시 소아기주기성증후군의 가능성을 의심해 보아야 하며 이것이 이 질환을 성공적으로 치료하게 되는 첫 단계가 될 것으로 사료된다. 향후 더 많은 기관이 참여하는 대규모 역학 조사와 종속연구(longitudinal study)를 통하여 이 질환의 빈도와 자연경과 등을 지속적으로 확인해 나가야겠다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1974

This Study involved the development of a survey form and the collection of data in an effort-to provide information which can be used in the improvement of nursing curricula. The data examined were the kinds courses currently being taught in the curricula of nursing education institutions throughout Korea, credits required for course completion, and year in-which courses are taken. For the purposes of this study, curricula were classified into college, nursing school and vocational school categories. Courses were directed into the 3 major categories of general education courses, supporting science courses and professional education course, and further subdirector as. follows: 1) General education (following the classification of Philip H. phoenix): a) Symbolics, b) Empirics, c) Aesthetics. 4) Synthetics, e) Ethics, f) Synoptic. 2) Supporting science: a) physical science, b) biological science, c) social science, d) behavioral science, e) Health science, f) Educations 3) Professional Education; a) basic courses, b) courses in each of the respective fields of nursing. Ⅰ. General Education aimed at developing the individual as a person and as a member of society is relatively strong in college curricula compared with the other two. a) Courses included in the category of symbolics included Korean language, English, German. Chines. Mathematics. Statics: Economics and Computer most college curricula included 20 credits. of courses in this sub-category, while nursing schools required 12 credits and vocational school 10 units. English ordinarily receives particularly heavy emphasis. b) Research methodology, Domestic affair and women & courtney was included under the category of empirics in the college curricula, nursing and vocational school do not offer this at all. c) Courses classified under aesthetics were physical education, drill, music, recreation and fine arts. Most college curricula had 4 credits in these areas, nursing school provided for 2 credits, and most vocational schools offered 10 units. d) Synoptic included leadership, interpersonal relationship, and communications, Most schools did not offer courses of this nature. e) The category of ethics included citizenship. 2 credits are provided in college curricula, while vocational schools require 4 units. Nursing schools do not offer these courses. f) Courses included under synoptic were Korean history, cultural history, philosophy, Logics, and religion. Most college curricular 5 credits in these areas, nursing schools 4 credits. and vocational schools 2 units. g) Only physical education was given every Year in college curricula and only English was given in nursing schools and vocational schools in every of the curriculum. Most of the other courses were given during the first year of the curriculum. Ⅱ. Supporting science courses are fundamental to the practice and application of nursing theory. a) Physical science course include physics, chemistry and natural science. most colleges and nursing schools provided for 2 credits of physical science courses in their curricula, while most vocational schools did not offer t me. b) Courses included under biological science were anatomy, physiologic, biology and biochemistry. Most college curricula provided for 15 credits of biological science, nursing schools for the most part provided for 11 credits, and most vocational schools provided for 8 units. c) Courses included under social science were sociology and anthropology. Most colleges provided for 1 credit in courses of this category, which most nursing schools provided for 2 creates Most vocational school did not provide courses of this type. d) Courses included under behavioral science were general and clinical psychology, developmental psychology. mental hygiene and guidance. Most schools did not provide for these courses. e) Courses included under health science included pharmacy and pharmacology, microbiology, pathology, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, and Chinese medicine. Most college curricula provided for 11 credits, while most nursing schools provide for 12 credits, most part provided 20 units of medical courses. f) Courses included under education included educational psychology, principles of education, philosophy of education, history of education, social education, educational evaluation, educational curricula, class management, guidance techniques and school & community. Host college softer 3 credits in courses in this category, while nursing schools provide 8 credits and vocational schools provide for 6 units, 50% of the colleges prepare these students to qualify as regular teachers of the second level, while 91% of the nursing schools and 60% of the vocational schools prepare their of the vocational schools prepare their students to qualify as school nurse. g) The majority of colleges start supporting science courses in the first year and complete them by the second year. Nursing schools and vocational schools usually complete them in the first year. Ⅲ. Professional Education courses are designed to develop professional nursing knowledge, attitudes and skills in the students. a) Basic courses include social nursing, nursing ethics, history of nursing professional control, nursing administration, social medicine, social welfare, introductory nursing, advanced nursing, medical regulations, efficient nursing, nursing english and basic nursing, College curricula devoted 13 credits to these subjects, nursing schools 14 credits, and vocational schools 26 units indicating a severe difference in the scope of education provided. b) There was noticeable tendency for the colleges to take a unified approach to the branches of nursing. 60% of the schools had courses in public health nursing, 80% in pediatric nursing, 60% in obstetric nursing, 90% in psychiatric nursing and 80% in medical-surgical nursing. The greatest number of schools provided 48 crudites in all of these fields combined. in most of the nursing schools, 52 credits were provided for courses divided according to disease. in the vocational schools, unified courses are provided in public health nursing, child nursing, maternal nursing, psychiatric nursing and adult nursing. In addition, one unit is provided for one hour a week of practice. The total number of units provided in the greatest number of vocational schools is thus Ⅲ units double the number provided in nursing schools and colleges. c) In th leges, the second year is devoted mainly to basic nursing courses, while the third and fourth years are used for advanced nursing courses. In nursing schools and vocational schools, the first year deals primarily with basic nursing and the second and third years are used to cover advanced nursing courses. The study yielded the following conclusions. 1. Instructional goals should be established for each courses in line with the idea of nursing, and curriculum improvements should be made accordingly. 2. Course that fall under the synthetics category should be strengthened and ways should be sought to develop the ability to cooperate with those who work for human welfare and health. 3. The ability to solve problems on the basis of scientific principles and knowledge and understanding of man society should be fostered through a strengthening of courses dealing with physical sciences, social sciences and behavioral sciences and redistribution of courses emphasizing biological and health sciences. 4. There should be more balanced curricula with less emphasis on courses in the major There is a need to establish courses necessary for the individual nurse by doing away with courses centered around specific diseases and combining them in unified courses. In addition it is possible to develop skill in dealing with people by using the social setting in comprehensive training. The most efficient ratio of the study experience should be studied to provide more effective, interesting education Elective course should be initiated to insure a man flexible, responsive educational program. 5. The curriculum stipulated in the education law should be examined.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 1967

In view of its prevalence in the Far East area, a more detailed knowledge on the hookworm infection is one of the very important medical problems. The present study was aimed to; determine the infectivity of the artificially hatched ancylostoma duodenale larvae in man after its oral administration, evaluate the clinical symptomatology of such infection, determine the date of first appearance of the ova in the stool, calculate the blood loss per worm per day, assess the relation-ships between the ova count, infectivity(worm load), blood loss and severity of anemia. An erythrokinetic study was also done to analyse the characteristics of hookworm anemia by means of $^{59}Fe\;and\;^{51}Cr$. Materials and Methods Ten healthy male volunteers(doctors, medical students and laboratory technicians) with the ages ranging from 21 to 40 years were selected as the experimental materials. They had no history of hookworm infection for preceding several years, and care was taken not to be exposed to reinfection. A baseline study including a through physical examinations and laboratory investigations such as complete blood counts, stool examination and estimation of the serum iron levels was done, and a vermifuge, bephenium hydroxynaphoate, was given 10 days prior to the main experiment. The ancylostoma duodenale filariform larvae were obtained in the following manner; The pure ancylostoma duodenale ova were obtained from the hookworm anemia patients and a modified filter paper method was adopted to harvest larger number of infective larvae, which were washed several times with saline. The actively moving mature larvae were put into the gelatine capsules, 150 in each, and were given to the volunteers in the fasting state with 300ml. of water. The volunteers were previously treated with intramuscular injection of 15mg. of chlorpromazine in order to prevent the eventual nausea and vomiting after the larvae intake. The clinical symptoms and signs mainly of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, appearance of the ova and occult blood in the stool etc. were checked every day for the first 20 days and then twice weekly until the end of the experiment, which usually lasted for about 3 months. Roentgenological survey of the lungs was also done. The hematological changes such as the red blood cell, white blood cell and eosinophil cell counts, hemoglobin content and serum iron levels were studied. The appearance of the ova in the stool was examined by the formalin ether method and the ova were counted in triplicate on two successive days using the Stoll's dilution method. The ferrokinetic data were calculated by the modified Huff's method and the apparent half survival time of the red blood cells by the modified Gray's method. The isotopes were simultaneously tagged and injected intravenously, and then the stool and blood samples were collected as was described by Roche et al., namely, three separate 4-day stool samples with the blood sample drawing before each 4-day stool collection. The radio-activities of the stools ashfied and the blood were separately measured by the pulse-height analyser. The daily blood loss was calculated with the following formula; daily blood loss in $ml.=\frac{cpm/g\;stool{\times}weight\;in\;g\;of\;4-day\;stool}{cpm/ml\;blood{\times}4}$ The average of these three 4-day periods was given as the daily blood loss in each patient. The blood loss per day per worm was calculated by simply dividing the daily blood loss by the number of the hookworm recovered after the vermifuge given twice a week at the termination of the experiment. The iron loss in mg. through the gastrointestinal tract was estimated with the daily iron loss in $mg=\frac{g\;Hgb/100ml{\times}ml\;daily\;blood\;loss{\times}3.40}{100}$ 3.40=mg of iron per g Hgb following formula; Results 1. The respiratory symptoms such as cough and sputum were noted in almost all cases within a week after the infection, which lasted about 2 weeks. The roentgenological findings of the chest were essentially normal. A moderate degree of febril reaction appeared within 2 weeks with a duration of 3 or 4 days. 2. The gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, epigastric fullness, abdominal pain and loose bowel appeared in all cases immediately after the larvae intake. 3. The reduction of the red blood cell count was not remarkable, however, the hemoglobin content and especially the serum iron level showed the steady decreases until the end of the experiment. 4. The white blood cells and eosinophil cells, on the contrary, showed increases in parallel and reached peaks in 20 to 30 days after the infection. A small secondary rise was noted in 2 months. 5. The ova first appeared in the stool in 40. 1 days after the infection, ranging from 29 to 51 days, during which the occult blood reaction of the stool became also positive in almost cases. 6. The number of ova recovered per day was 164, 320 on the average, ranging from 89,500 to 253,800. The number of the worm evacuated by vermifuge was in rough correlation with the number of ova recovered. 7. The infectivity of ancylostoma duodenale was 14% on the average, ranging from 7.3 to 20.0%, which is relatively lower than those reported by other workers. 8. The mean fecal blood loss was 5.78ml. per day, with a range of from 2.6 to 11.7ml., and the mean blood loss per worm per day was 0.30ml., with a range of from 0.13 to 0.73ml., which is in rough coincidence with those reported by other authors. There appeared to exist, however, no correlation between the blood loss and the number of ova recovered. 9. The mean fecal iron loss was 2.02mg. per day, with a range of from 1.20 to 3.89mg., which is less than those appeared in the literature. 10. The mean plasma iron disappearance rate was 0.80hr., with a range of from 0.62 to 0.95hr., namely, a slight accerelation. 11. The hookworm anemia appeared to be iron deficiency in origin caused by continuous intestinal blood loss.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.283-295
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• 1999

1997년 1월 1일부터 12월 31일까지 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 응급의료센터에 내원한 비외상성 흉통 환자에 대한 임상적 연구를 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 응급의료센터를 내원한 총환자 25,583명 중 비외상성 흉통을 주소로 내원한 경우는 488례였으며 남녀비는 1.9:1로 남자에게서 많이 발생하는 것으로 조사되었다. 흉통의 원인별 분류를 보면 심인성인 경우가 320례(65.6%)로 가장 많이 발생하였으며 심인성의 경우를 다시 나누어 보면 협심증이 140례(28.7%), 심근경색증이 128례(26.2%)였다. 흉통의 발생시간별 비교에서 심인성군이 비심인성군에 비해 오전에 더 많이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 내원 시간별 비교에서는 6시간내 도착한 경우가 심인성에서 60.0%, 비심인성에서 45.2%로 가장 많았으며, 6시간 이후에 도착한 경우는 심인성 40.0%, 비심인성 54.8%였다. 평균 소요시간은 비심인성군에서 $1,848.9{\pm}4,384.6$분, 심인성군에서 $1,454.5{\pm}3,219.1$분, 심근경색증군에서 $1,230{\pm}2780.6$분으로 심인성군, 심근경색증 환자군에서 소요시간이 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 흉통의 양상은 쥐어짜는 듯한 양상이 256(52.5%)례로 가장 많았고, 다음이 둔한 양상의 순으로 나타났으며, 심인성의 경우 쥐어짜는 듯한 양상이, 비심인성의 경우 둔한 양상이 가장 많이 나타났다. 연관된 증상의 경우, 호흡 곤란이 가장 많았으며, 증상의 평균개수는 비심인성군에서 $1.1{\pm}0.9$개, 심인성군에서 $1.4{\pm}1.1$개, 심근경색증군에서 $1.7{\pm}1.1$개로 나타나 심근경색증의 연관 개수가 의의있게 많았다(p<0.05). 심효소 검사에서 troponin-T rapid assay의 심근경색증 진단에 대한 민감도(sensitivity)는 59.2%, 특이도(specificity)가 95.0%, 양성 예측도86.0%, 음성 예측도 81.9%였으며. CK-MB 검사는 민감도 46.4%, 특이도 95.4%, 양성 예측도 84.1%, 음성 예측도 77.1%였으며 myoglobin 검사는 민감도 45.1%, 특이도 92.1%, 양성 예측도 74.3%, 음성 예측도 76.7%로 나타났다. 급성심근경색증군을 대상으로 한 경우 모두 90% 이상에서 시행되었으나 민감도는 45-59%에 불과했지만 심전도 검사의 경우 민감도가 96.1%로 나타났다. 입원율은 심인성군에서 229례(71.6%)로 비심인성군의 85례(50.6%)에 비해 높게 나타났으며 전체 응급의료센터의 입원율 35.2%에 비해서도 높았다(p<0.01). 사망률은 심인성군에서 13.8%로 전체 흉통환자의 8.8%보다 더 높았으며 비심인성군의 0.6%에 비해 20배 이상의 높은 수치를 보였다(p<0.01). 심인성군중에서도 특히 심근경색증이 원인인 경우에는 사망률이 28.1%에 달했다. 결론적으로 비외상성 흉통을 호소하는 환자의 경우 심인성 질환에 의한 경우가 가장 많고 이중 허혈성 심질환이나 심근경색증이 그 원인인 경우가 많은 것으로 나타났고, 임상양상을 비교해 볼 때 심인성질환 특히 심근경색증의 경우 연관 증상이 더 많은 것으로 나타났으며 쥐어짜는 듯한 양상이 가장 많았고 사망률 또한 가장 높았다. 그러나 정확한 진단이 되지 못한 상태에서 퇴원되는 경우도 있어 초기에 자세한 병력 청취를 통해 연관증상이 많은 경우 심질환을 의심하고, 심전도 검사를 시행하여 이를 통한 환자의 분류를 통해 조기에 심인성 질환을 감별하고 처치할 수 있는 방법이 모색되어야 할 것이며 특히 흉통진료실과 같은 특수한 제도를 도입함으로써 심근경색증 환자에 대한 집중적인 관리와 아울러 저위험군의 진료에도 좀 더 개선된 결과를 가져올 수 있도록 하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제10권
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• pp.41-61
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• 2008

The outline and characteristics of the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai'(折衷派) are as follows. Part 1. In the late Edo(江戶) period The 'Zhe Zhong Pai', which tried to take the theory and clinical treatment of the 'Hou Shi Pai (後世派)' and the 'Gu Fang Pai(古方派)' and get their strong points to make treatments perfect, appeared. Their point was 'The main part is the art of the ancients, The latter prescriptions are to be used'(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用) and the "Shang Han Lun(傷寒論)" was revered for its treatments but in actual use it was not kept at that. As mentioned above The 'Zhe Zhong Pai' viewed treatments as the base, which was the view of most doctors in the Edo period. However, the reason the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is not valued as much as the 'Gu Fang Pai' by medical history books in Japan is because the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' does not have the substantiation or uniqueness of the 'Gu Fang Pai', and also because the view of 'gather as well as store up'(兼收並蓄) was the same as the 'Kao Zheng Pai'. Moreover, the 'compromise'(折衷) point of view was from taking in both Chinese and western medical knowledge systems(漢蘭折衷). Generally the pioneer of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is seen as Mochizuki Rokumon(望月鹿門) and after that was Fukui Futei(福井楓亭), Wadato Kaku(和田東郭), Yamada Seichin(山田正珍) and Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡). Part 2. The lives of Wada Tokaku(和田東郭), Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪), Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲), the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', are as follows. First Wada Tokaku(和田東郭, 1743-1803) was born when the 'Hou Shi Pai' was already declining and the 'Gu Fang Pai' was flourishing and learned medicine from a 'Hou Shi Pai' doctor, Hu Tian Xu Shan(戶田旭山) and a 'Gu Fang Pai' doctor, Yoshimasu Todo(吉益東洞). He was not hindered by 'the old ways(古方)' and did not lean towards 'the new ways(後世方)' and formed a way of compromise that 'looked at hardness and softness as the same'(剛柔相摩) by setting 'the cure of the disease' as the base, and said that to cure diseases 'the old way' must be used, but 'the new way' was necessary to supplement its shortcomings. His works include "Dao Shui Suo Yan(導水瑣言)", "Jiao Chiang Fang Yi Je(蕉窗方意解)" and "Yi Xue Sho(醫學說)". Second. Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪, 1744-1833) was famous for leaving Yoshimasu Todo(吉益東洞) and changing to the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and in his early years used qing fen(輕粉) to cure geisha(妓女) of syphilis. His argument was "the "Shang Han Lun" must be revered but needs to be adapted", "Zhong Jing can be made into a follower but I cannot become his follower", "the later medical texts such as "Ru Men Shi Qin(儒門事親)" should only be used for its prescriptions and not its theories". His works include "Shang Han Lun Yue Yan(傷寒論約言)". Third, Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲, 1701-1735) learned medicine from Qing Shui Xian Sheng(淸水先生) and went out to Edo. In his book "Yi Jing Jie Huo Lun(醫經解惑論)" he tells of how he went from 'learning'(學) to 'skepticism'(惑) and how skepticism made him learn in 'the six skepticisms'(六惑). In the latter years Xi Zhe(希哲) combines the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(神農本草經)", the main text for herbal medicine, "Ming Tang Jing(明堂經)" of accupuncture, basic theory texts "Huang Dui Nei Jing(皇帝內經)" and "Nan Jing(難經)" with the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun", a book that the 'Gu Fang Pai' saw as opposing to the rest, and became 'an expert of five scriptures'(五經一貫). Part 3. Asada Showhaku(淺田宗伯, 1815-1894) started medicine at Zhong Cun Zhong Zong(中村中倧) and learned 'the old way'(古方) from Yoshimasu Todo and got experience through Ouan Yue(川越) and Fu Jing(福井) and received teachings in texts, history and Wang Yangmin's principles(陽明學) fmm famous teachers. Showhaku(倧伯) meets a medical official of the makufu(幕府), Ben Kang Zong Yuan(本康宗圓), and receives help from the 3 great doctors of the Edo period, Taki Motokato(多紀元堅), Xiao Dao Xue Gu(小島學古) and Xi Duo Cun Kao(喜多村栲窻) and further develops his arts. At 47 he diagnoses the general Jia Mao(家茂) with 'heart failure from beriberi'(脚氣衡心) and becomes a Zheng Shi(徵土), at 51 he cures a minister from France and received a present from Napoleon, at 65 he becomes the court physician and saves Ming Gong(明宮) Jia Ren Qn Wang(嘉仁親王, later the 大正天皇) from bodily convulsions and becomes 'the vassal of merit who saved the national polity(國體)' At the 7th year of the Meiji(明治) he becomes the 2nd owner of Wen Zhi She(溫知社) and takes part in the 'kampo continuation movement'. In his latter years he saw 14000 patients a year, so we can estimate the qualjty and quantity of his clinical skills. Showhaku(宗伯) wrote over 80 books including the "Ju Chuang Shu Ying(橘窻書影)", "Wu Wu Yao Shi Fang Han(勿誤藥室方函)", "Shang Han Biang Shu(傷寒辨術)", "Jing Qi Shen Lun(精氣神論)", "Hunag Guo Ming Yi Chuan(皇國名醫傳)" and the "Xian Jhe Yi Hua(先哲醫話)". Especially in the "Ju Chuang Shu Ying(橘窻書影) he says "the old theories are the main, and the new prescriptions are to be used"(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用), stating the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' way of thinking, In the first volume of "Shang Han Biang Shu(傷寒辨術)" and "Za Bing Lun Shi(雜病論識)", 'Zong Ping'(總評), He discerns the parts that are not Zhang Zhong Jing's writings and emphasizes his theories and practical uses.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.121-141
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• 2007

The outline and characteristics of the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai'(折衷派) are as follows. Part 1. In the late Edo(江戶) period The 'Zhe Zhong Pai', which tried to take the theory and clinical treatment of the 'Hou Shi Pai (後世派)' and the 'Gu Fang Pai (古方派)' and get their strong points to make treatments perfect, appeared. Their point was 'The main part is the art of the ancients, The latter prescriptions are to be used'(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用) and the "Shang Han Lun(傷寒論)" was revered for its treatments but in actual use it was not kept at that. As mentioned above The 'Zhe Zhong Pai ' viewed treatments as the base, which was the view of most doctors in the Edo period, However, the reason the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is not valued as much as the 'Gu Fang Pai' by medical history books in Japan is because the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' does not have the substantiation or uniqueness of the 'Gu Fang Pai', and also because the view of 'gather as well as store up' was the same as the 'Kao Zheng Pai', Moreover, the 'compromise'(折衷) point of view was from taking in both Chinese and western medical knowledge systems(漢蘭折衷), Generally the pioneer of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is seen as Mochizuki Rokumon(望月鹿門) and after that was Fukui Futei(福井楓亭), Wadato Kaku(和田東郭), Yamada Seichin(山田正珍) and Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), Part 2. The lives of Wada Tokaku(和田東郭), Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪), Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲), the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', are as follows First. Wada Tokaku(和田東郭, 1743-1803) was born when the 'Hou Shi Pai' was already declining and the 'Gu Fang Pai' was flourishing and learned medicine from a 'Hou Shi Pai' doctor, Hu Tian Xu Shan(戶田旭山) and a 'Gu Fang Pai' doctor, Yoshimasu Todo(吉益東洞). He was not hindered by 'the old ways(古方), and did not lean towards 'the new ways(後世方)' and formed a way of compromise that 'looked at hardness and softness as the same'(剛柔相摩) by setting 'the cure of the disease' as the base, and said that to cure diseases 'the old way' must be used, but 'the new way' was necessary to supplement its shortcomings. His works include "Dao Shui Suo Yan", "Jiao Chiang Fang Yi Je" and "Yi Xue Sho(醫學說)" Second. Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪, 1744-1833) was famous for leaving Yoshirnasu Todo(吉益東洞) and changing to the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and in his early years used qing fen(輕粉) to cure geisha(妓女) of syphilis. His argument was "the "Shang Han Lun" must be revered but needs to be adapted", "Zhong jing can be made into a follower but I cannot become his follower", "the later medical texts such as "Ru Men Shi Qin(儒門事親)" should only be used for its prescriptions and not its theories". His works include "Shang Han Lun Yue Yan(傷寒論約言) Third. Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲, 1701-1735) learned medicine from Qing Shui Xian Sheng(淸水先生) and went out to Edo. In his book "Yi Jing Jie Huo Lun(醫經解惑論)" he tells of how he went from 'learning'(學) to 'skepticism'(惑) and how skepticism made him learn in 'the six skepticisms'(六惑). In the latter years Xi Zhe(希哲) combines the "Shen Nong Ben Cao jing(神農本草經)", the main text for herbal medicine, "Ming Tang jing(明堂經)" of accupuncture, basic theory texts "Huang Dui Nei jing(黃帝內徑)" and "Nan jing(難經)" with the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun", a book that the 'Gu Fang Pai' saw as opposing to the rest, and became 'an expert of five scriptures'(五經一貫). Part 3. Asada Showhaku(淺田宗伯, 1815-1894) started medicine at Zhong Cun Zhong(中村中倧) and learned 'the old way'(古方) from Yoshirnasu Todo and got experience through Chuan Yue(川越) and Fu jing(福井) and received teachings in texts, history and Wang Yangmin's principles(陽明學) from famous teachers. Showhaku(宗伯) meets a medical official of the makufu(幕府), Ben Kang Zong Yuan(本康宗圓), and recieves help from the 3 great doctors of the Edo period, Taki Motokato(多紀元堅), Xiao Dao Xue GU(小島學古) and Xi Duo Cun Kao Chuang and further develops his arts. At 47 he diagnoses the general Jia Mao(家茂) with 'heart failure from beriberi'(脚氣衝心) and becomes a Zheng Shi(徵I), at 51 he cures a minister from France and received a present from Napoleon, at 65 he becomes the court physician and saves Ming Gong(明宮) jia Ren Qn Wang(嘉仁親王, later the 大正犬皇) from bodily convulsions and becomes 'the vassal of merit who saved the national polity(國體)' At the 7th year of the Meiji(明治) he becomes the 2nd owner of Wen Zhi She(溫知社) and takes part in the 'kampo continuation movement'. In his latter years he saw 14000 patients a year, so we can estimate the quality and quantity of his clinical skills Showhaku(宗伯) wrote over 80 books including the "Ju Chuang Shu Ying(橘窓書影)", "WU Wu Yao Shi Fang Han(勿誤藥室方函)", "Shang Han Biang Shu(傷寒辨術)", "jing Qi Shen Lun(精氣神論)", "Hunag Guo Ming Yi Chuan(皇國名醫傳)" and the "Xian Jhe Yi Hua(先哲醫話)". Especially in the "Ju Chuang Shu Ying(橘窓書影)" he says "the old theories are the main, and the new prescriptions are to be used"(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用), stating the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' way of thinking. In the first volume of "Shung Han Biang Shu(傷寒辨術) and "Za Bing Lun Shi(雜病論識)", 'Zong Ping'(總評), He discerns the parts that are not Zhang Zhong Jing's writings and emphasizes his theories and practical uses.