• 재활복지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.225-256
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• 2010

본 연구는 초등학교 지적장애아동의 자세조절 특성을 파악하기 위해 시각, 안뜰감각 그리고 몸감각을 조합하여, 실험 조건에 따라 자세유지를 위하여 어떤 감각을 활용하고 있는지, 부적절한 감각자극에 대해서 통합시스템에서 어떻게 반응하는지, 외부 동요에 대해 신경근육의 자세조절 전략 시 동원되는 근육의 수축 개시시간과 개시순서를 각각 측정하여, 지적장애 아동의 자세조절 특성을 살펴보고, 나아가 초등학교 지적장애아동과 일반아동 간에 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 비교분석하여 자세조절능력 향상 프로그램에 적용 시 방향을 제시해주는데 있다. 이를 위하여 성별과 연령을 고려하여 초등학교 지적장애아동 26명과 일반아동 26명의 아동으로부터 자세조절능력을 비교하였다. 그 결과 자세조절과 감각계와의 관계를 파악한 평형점수와 감각활용 분석, 엉덩관절 전략에 의지하는 자세조절 전략, 근수축 개시지연과 근수축 개시순서의 변화 등을 종합해 볼 때 초등학교 지적장애아동의 자세조절의 문제는 운동시스템, 감각시스템, 통합시스템의 자세조절 시스템 전반에 걸친 총체적인 문제로 나타났다. 따라서 초등학교 지적장애아동의 자세조절 문제 해결을 위해서는 운동시스템, 감각시스템, 통합시스템을 포함하는 포괄적 자세조절 훈련 프로그램의 접근이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 자세조절 프로그램을 구성할 때, 다양한 감각을 제공하여 주고, 제공된 감각을 효율적으로 활용할 수 있는 감각훈련과 함께 고위중추에서 입력된 감각들을 정상적인 자세조절 발달에 활용할 수 있도록 훈련 시켜주어야 한다. 적응 반응을 계획하고 조직화하여 의미 있는 활동을 통해 중추신경계의 처리능력을 향상시키는 치료프로그램이 제공되어야 한다. 또한 자세조절을 안정적으로 할 수 있는 안정성 한계를 넓힐 수 있는 신경발달학적 치료와 함께, 근골격계에서 빠른 근수축 반응과 효율적인 근수축 개시순서를 유발 할 수 있도록 고유수용성 운동조절 프로그램, 자세반응 촉진 프로그램과 같은 훈련이 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.42-56
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• 2005

본 연구는 건강검진센터 검진자 중 혈청 중성지방 농도가 150 mg/dL 이상이거나 총 콜레스테롤이 200 mg/dL 이상인 고지혈증 초기 판정자 43명을 대상으로 12주 동안 의학영양치료와 병행하여 한방 기능성 차를 섭취하게 한 후 혈청 지질농도와 항산화에 미치는 영향을 조사한 것이다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 총 대상자 43명의 평균 연령은 49.41$\pm$5.2세였으며, 남성의 비율이 53.5%였다. 대상자의 51.2%가 혈중 콜레스테를 수치만 높은 제 II a형이었으며, 대상자의 37.2%는 혈중 중성지방과 콜레스테롤이 함께 높은 제IIb형, 11.6%는 중성지방만 높은 제 IV형이었다 모든 대상자는 2003년 건강검진결과 처음으로 고지혈증을 진단받았으며, 지질저하제를 복용하지 않았다. 또한 모든 대상자는 의학영양치료를 받아본 경험이 없었다. 체중은 남여 대상자 모두 군간의 차이가 없었으며, 실험 전과 후의 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 남성의 경우, 허리둘레가 HFT군에서 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 혈압 또한 HFT군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 여성의 경우는 BMI가 FFT군에서 실험 후 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 체지방 비율은 모든 군에서 감소하였다. 식사량, 식사의 규칙성, 식품군의 배합 및 짠 음식 에 대한 기호도 등을 조사한 결과 실험 전 식사량은 만복이 될 때까지 섭취하는 경우가 많았고, 사 시 배합에는 별로 관심이 없었으며, 평균 주 2∼3회의 식사를 거르고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 실험 후의 이와 같은 양상은 많은 변화를 보였다. 기능성차 섭취와 의학영양치료 전후의 식품 섭취 빈도는 실험 전 콜레스테롤이 많은 음식, 간식의 빈도가 실험 후 유의적으로 감소하였다. 모든 군에서 평균 섭취 열량이 실험 전보다 유의적으로 감소하였다. 총 지방의 섭취량도 유의적으로 섭취 감소를 보였으며, 포화지방산의 경우 HFT군에서 가장 큰 감소를 보였다. 다가 불포화지방산 또한 HFT군에서 감소하였다. 대상자의 P/M/S섭취 비율은 실험 전 0.73/1.l1/1에서 실험 후 0.98/1.38/l로 다가 불포화지방산의 섭취량과 단일 불포화지방산의 섭취 비율이 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 12주간의 식이 콜레스테롤 섭취량도 모든 군에서 매우 큰 감소를 보였다. 혈중 총 콜레스테롤 농도를 비교한 결과 기능성차군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다, 중성지방 농도 또한 총 콜레스테롤 농도와 마찬가지로 기능성차군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 혈중 LDL-콜레스테롤과 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 실험 전과 후의 유의적인 변화는 없었다, 고지혈증의 발병율과 밀접한 상관관계를 보이는 동맥경화지수는 기능성차군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 혈중 호모시스테인 농도의 측정 결과 FFT군의 경우 실험 전 정상범위를 초과하였으나 실험 후 정상 범위에 속하게 되었다. 항산화 물질 2항목(SOD, GPx) 측정결과 SOD는 실험 후 HFT군에서 유의적으로 증가하였다.(13.3%). GPx는 실험 후 FFT군에서 유의적으로 증가되었다.(12.8%). 결론적으로 의학영양치료는 식습관 및 식품섭취의 패턴을 변화시켰고, 총열량과 동물성 단백질, 지방질, 콜레스테롤 섭취의 저하를 유도하였으나 혈중 지질 농도에는 유의적인 변화를 나타내지 못하였다. 그러나 대상자 개인에 맞는 의학영양치료의 적용은 약물요법 이전에 식습관과 섭취량을 조절하는데 매우 유효할 것으로 사료된다. 한편 의학영양치료와 병행한 기능성차(상엽, 구기자, 국화, 대추, 참깨, 나복자가 복합 처방)의 섭취는 혈중 지질 농도를 저하시켰으며, 또한 항산화 효과도 나타내었다. 이와 같이 임상 효능이 확인된 한방재료로 제조된 기능성차의 섭취는 동맥경화증, 허혈성 심장질환, 뇌졸중 등 심혈관계 질환의 주요 원인인 고지혈증에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 또한 혈중 지질 농도를 저하시킴으로써 질환을 예방하는데 의학영양치료의 보조적인 역학을 할 수 있는 기능성차로 차별화 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.317-325
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• 2006

목 적 : 주산기 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상의 병태 생리에서 nitric oxide(NO)가 급성 저산소성 허혈(hypoxia-ischemia, HI) 후 재산소-재관류기(reoxygenation-reperfusion, RR)에 대뇌의 혈역학 및 에너지 대사에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여, NO 합성 억제제인 NG-monomethyl-L-arginine(L-NMMA)와 NO 합성 촉진제인 L-arginine(L-Arg) 투여를 통하여 뇌신경 세포에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 생후 3일 이내의 신생자돈 28마리를 대상으로 무작위로 나누어, Sham 처치만 받은 정상 대조군(n=9), HI와 RR만 유발한 실험 대조군(n=7), HI 이후 RR 직전에 L-NMMA 투여군(n=6)과 L-arginine 투여군(n=6) 등 4군으로 구분하였다. 실험은 ether을 흡입 시킨 후 thiopental을 정주하고, 기관 삽관 후 인공호흡기 등의 처지를 끝낸 후, HI를 유발하기 위하여 실험군에서 수술 겸자로 양측 경동맥을 폐쇄한 후 8% 산소로 30분간 흡입하였고, RR을 시행하기 위하여 경동맥 폐색을 풀고 흡입 산소농도를 60%로 올려 1시간까지 투여하면서 관찰하였다. 생리적 변수로 혈압과 동맥혈 가스 소견을 관찰하였고, 뇌의 혈역학적 변화와 에너지 상태는 near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)를 이용하여 대뇌의 산화 헤모글로빈($HbO_2$), 환원헤모글로빈(Hb), 환산 헤모글로빈(HbD), 싸이토크롬 $aa_3$(Cyt $aa_3$) 등을 지속적으로 관찰하여 비교하였다. 또한 실험 종료 시 얻은 뇌조직에서 $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase의 활성도 및 지질 대사산물인 conjugated dienes, 고에너지 인분자인 ATP(adeninetriphosphate)와 phosphocreatine(PCr)을 비교하였다. 결 과 : 생리적 변수의 변화에서는 실험군 모두에서 정상 대조군에 비하여 혈압, 동맥혈 산소 분압, pH, base excess 등이 유의하게 감소하였고(P<0.05), 젖산은 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). L-NMMA와 L-Arg군에서 실험 대조군과 유의한 차이는 없었다. 실험군에서 RR 1시간 후 pH를 제외한 혈압, 동맥혈 산소 분압, base excess 등의 이상소견은 모두 기저치로 회복되었고, 실험군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. NIRS 소견에서 $HbO_2$와 HbD는 HI 동안 정상 대조군에 비하여 실험군 모두에서 유의하게 감소하였으나(P<0.05), RR 직후 기저치로 회복되었으며, $HbO_2$는 RR 40분 이후 정상 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). Hb은 정상 대조군을 제외한 모든 실험군에서 HI 동안 유의하게 증가하였다가(P<0.05), RR 직후 기저치로 회복되었다. 산화 Cyt $aa_3$는 HI 동안 실험군 모두에서 감소하는 경향을 보였고, RR 이후 다시 증가하였다. 정상 대조군과 각 실험군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 뇌의 $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase 활성도와 conjugated dienes은 실험군 모두에서 정상 대조군(제1군)에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 뇌의 ATP, phosphocreatine은 실험군 모두에서 정상 대조군과 차이가 없었고, 또한 실험군간에도 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 신생 자돈에서 급성 저산소성 허혈 이후 재산소-재관류기 동안 NO 합성 억제제인 L-NMMA나 NO 생성 촉진제인 L-arginine이 뇌 혈역학이나 뇌의 에너지 대사에는 특별한 변화를 일으키지 않았다. 따라서 급성 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상에서 재산소화 재관류기 초기에는 NO가 뇌손상의 주요한 기전으로 작용하지 않을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 뇌혈역학 및 생화학적 검사 결과 등에서 급성기에는 에너지 부전 상태가 주요한 세포손상 기전이 아니고, 이온 농도의 변화에 의한 뇌부종, 산소유리기에 의한 뇌세포 손상이 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상의 급성기에 주로 작용하는 뇌세포 손상의 주요 기전임을 시사한다. 따라서 NO 생성 억제제 혹은 생성 전구물질인 L-Arg은 뇌신경 세포 보호 효과를 보이지 않아 급성 주산기 가사의 치료제로서 제한이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 좀 더 명확한 효과를 보기 위하여 선택적 억제제의 사용, 제제의 용량 및 투여시기, 손상 후 좀더 긴 시간 이후의 변화에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제33권
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• pp.145-153
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• 2021

목 적: 본 연구에서는 가임기 여성의 유방암 방사선 치료 시 난소 선량에 대해 실험을 통하여 평가해보고자 한다. 치료기법에 따른 치료계획시스템에서 계산된 선량과 열형광선량계를 이용한 측정선량을 비교·분석하여 난소 선량을 평가하고 납(Pb) 앞치마의 사용유무에 따른 선량 분석을 통해 임상에서의 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 측정에는 Rando humanoid phantom을 이용하였고, 치료기법으로는 쐐기필터치료기법, 3차원 입체조형치료, 세기변조방사선치료를 사용하였다. CT simulator를 이용하여 얻은 Rando humanoid phantom 3D 영상의 우측 유방에 처방선량의 95%가 전달될 수 있도록 치료계획을 세웠고, TLD를 Rando hunmanoid phantom의 가상 표적의 표면 및 심부에 삽입하고 방사선을 조사하였다. 측정위치는 치료 중심점과 Rando humanoid phantom의 정중앙을 중심으로 반대쪽 유방으로 2cm 이동한 지점과 치료 중심축 및 하방으로 우측 유방의 경계면에서 5cm, 10cm, 12.5cm, 15cm, 17.5cm, 20cm, 우측 난소 위치의 표면과 중심점을 포함하여 총 9개 지점에서 측정하였다. 치료계획시스템의 선량 비교에서는 쐐기필터치료기법 2가지와 3차원 입체조형치료, 세기변조방사선치료 등 총 4개의 치료 계획을 수립하여 비교하였다. 그리고 TLD를 이용한 측정값 비교는 세기변조방사선치료와 쐐기필터를 이용한 치료를 비교하였고, 납 앞치마의 사용유무에 따라서 세기변조방사선치료의 선량차이를 측정하여 비교·분석하였다. 측정값은 각 포인트마다 3개의 TLD값 평균을 내고 TLD 교정값을 이용하여 환산하였으며 이를 Point dose mean값으로 계산하였다. 치료계획값과 실제 측정값을 비교하기 위해 각 지점마다 절대선량값을 측정하여 %Diff 값으로 계산하였다. 결 과: 치료 중심점인 Point A에서는 치료계획시스템에서 최대 201.7cGy가 나왔고, 실제 TLD 측정값은 최대 200.6cGy가 나왔다. 모든 치료계획시스템에서 유방 경계면으로부터 하방으로 17.5cm 떨어진 지점인 Point G 부터는 0cGy로 계산이 되었다. 실제 TLD 측정 결과 Point G에서는 최대 2.6cGy가 나왔고, 난소선량인 Point J에서는 최대 0.9cGy로 나타났으며 %Diff값은 0.3%~1.3%였다. 납 앞치마의 사용유무에 따른 선량 차이는 최대 2.1cGy에서 최소 0.1cGy로 나타났으며 %Diff값은 0.1%~1.1%였다. 결 론: 치료계획시스템에서 3가지 치료계획에 따른 선량차이는 최저 0.85%에서 최고 2.45%로 큰 격차를 보이지 않았다. 난소에서 Rando humanoid phantom의 치료계획과 실제 측정한 선량차이는 0.9% 이내로 나타났으나 실제 측정에서 조금 더 높게 측정되었다. 이는 치료계획시스템에서 산란선의 영향을 정확하게 반영하지 못하였고, 실제 측정에서는 TLD를 삽입한 상태로 CBCT를 촬영한 선량과 산란선량이 반영된 것으로 사료된다. 납 앞치마의 유무에 따른 선량측정에서 납 앞치마를 사용했을 경우에 치료범위에서 가까운 거리일수록 차폐의 효과가 있었으며, 치료범위에서 15cm 이상 거리가 있는 경우에는 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 임상적으로 방사선 치료 중에는 임신이나 인공수정을 하기에는 적절하지 않지만, 치료 중 난소에 조사된 선량은 방사선 치료 후 가임기 여성의 생식 기능에 크게 영향을 주지 않을 것으로 생각된다. 하지만 가임 여성의 경우에는 지속적인 불안감을 가지고 있으므로 이번 결과를 통한 데이터를 제시함으로써 심리적인 안정을 도모할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 대한한방종양학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.37-53
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• 1998

과학기술(科學技術)의 발전(發展)에 따른 생활(生活) 및 의료(醫療) 수준의 향상(向上)에도 불구하고 산업발전(産業發展)에 따른 환경오염(環境汚染), 스트레스 증가(增加) 등 그 역기능(逆機能) 때문에 발암물질(發癌物質) 또는 자극(刺戟)에의 노출(露出) 등으로 인해서 전세계적(全世界的)으로 암(癌)으로 인(因)한 사망율(死亡率)이 증가(增加)되고 있다. 암(癌)은 현재(現在) 인류(人類)의 건강(健康)을 위협하는 주요(主要)한 질환(疾患)의 하나로, 오늘날 우리 나라에서 질환(疾患)으로 인(因)한 사망원인중(死亡原因中) 수위(首位)를 차지하고 있다. 이러한 암(癌)의 발생(發生)은 80%-90%가 환경적(環境的) 인자(因子)에 기인(起因)한다고 보고(報告)되고 있는데 앞으로 환경성(環境性) 발암물질(發癌物質)이 점차 증가(增加)됨에 따라 암환자(癌患者)의 발생(發生)도 더욱 증가(增加)될 것으로 예상(豫想)된다. 암(癌)의 서의학적(西醫學的) 치료(治療)는 주로 수술요법(手術療法), 방사선요법(放射線療法), 화학요법(化學療法) 및 면역요법(免疫療法) 등이 활용(活用)되고 있다. 이중 수술요법(手術療法)과 방사선요법(放射線療法)은 암(癌)이 전신(全身)에 전이(轉移) 증식(增殖)되기 전에 실시(實施)함으로써 효과(效果)를 거둘 수는 있으나, 암(癌)이 원발병소(原發病巢) 이외(以外)에까지 전이(轉移) 증식(增殖)되었을 경우에는 이 두가지 방법(方法)의 국소요법(局所療法)만으로서는 좋은 치료효과(治療效果)를 거두기 어렵다. 따라서 최근 항암제(抗癌劑)에 의한 화학요법(化學療法)이 다른 방법(方法)보다 유효(有效)하다고 인정(認定)이 되어 가장 많이 활용(活用)되고 있으나, 암종(癌種)에 대한 감수성차이(感受性差異), 치료후(治療後)의 부작용(副作用), 재발(再發) 및 합병증(合倂症) 등의 문제점(問題點)때문에 부작용(副作用)을 감소(減少)시키면서 항암효과(抗癌效果)를 높이는 치료법(治療法)이 계속 연구(硏究)되고 있다. 이에 1972년(年) 미국(美國) 국립암연구소(國立癌硏究所)에서 실시(實施)한 항암제(抗癌劑) 개발연구(開發硏究)에 있어서 항종양성(抗腫瘍性) Screening test에 이용(利用)된 물질중(物質中) 약 47%가 천연물질(天然物質)이었다는 사실은 주목(注目)할만 하다. 한의학적(韓醫學的) 치료법(治療法)은 최근(最近)에 변증시치(辨證施治)를 근간(根幹)으로 하여 건비익기(健脾益氣)를 위주(爲主)로한 부정거사법(扶正祛邪法)과 부정배본법(扶正培本法)이 많이 활용(活用)되고 있으며 부정법(扶正法)으로는 익기건비(益氣健脾), 자음보혈(滋陰補血), 온보비신(溫補裨腎) 등이, 거사법(祛邪法)으로는 활혈거어법(活血祛瘀法), 청열해독법(淸熱解毒法), 연견화담법(軟堅化痰法) 등이 활용(活用)되고 있는데, 이를 근거(根據)로 하여 한약(韓藥)의 복방(複方).단미(單味).단미추출물(單味抽出物) 등의 투여(投與)와 침(鍼) 구(灸) 수침(水鍼) 전침(電鍼) laser침(鍼)등의 치료방법(治療方法)을 수술(手術) 후(後) 혹(或)은 화학요법(化學療法)이나 방사선요법(放射線療法)와 병행(幷行)하여 치료효과(治療效果)가 향상(向上)되었다고 보고(報告)하고 있다. 항암제(抗癌劑)의 항암효과(抗癌效果) 정도(程度)를 검사(檢査)하는 방법(方法)은 크게 5가지로 분류(分類)되는데, 하나는 세포(細胞)를 약제(藥劑)에 노출(露出)시킨 후 현미경(顯微鏡)을 통하여 나타난 형태학적(形態學的) 변화(變化)를 가지고 약제(藥劑)의 효과정도(效果程度)를 결정(決定)하는 방법(方法)이고, 둘째는 Dye exclusion assay방법(方法)으로 살아있는 세포(細胞)가 trypan blue, eosin, nigrosin과 같은 염색액(染色液)에 염색(染色)되지 않는 점을 이용(利用)한 것이며, 세번째는 항암제(抗癌劑)의 항암효과(抗癌效果)를 알아보는 지표(指標)로 사용(使用)되는 Crrelease assay가 있으나, 세가지 방법(方法) 모두 현재(現在) 사용(使用)되고 있지 않다. 넷째로는 세포(細胞) 대사(代謝)의 방해정도(妨害程度)를 측정(測定)하거나 세포내(細胞內) 방사성(放射性) 동위원소(同位元素)의 유입방해(流入妨害) 정도(程度)를 측정(測定)하는 방법(方法)이 있고, 다섯째로는 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서 사용(使用)한 방법(方法)으로 stem cell assay라고도 하는 clonogenetic assay가 있는데, 이는 세포(細胞)를 약제(藥劑)에 노출(露出) 시킨 후 soft agar에 single cell suspension으로 배양(培養)하여 그 세포(細胞)의 분열(分裂).증식능력(增殖能力)을 측정(測定)하는 방법(方法)이다. 이 방법(方法)은 특히 성장(成長) 특성(特性)이 다른 종양세포(腫瘍細胞)의 경우 개개(個個) 세포(細胞)에 대한 약제효과(藥劑效果)를 반영(反映)할 수 있어서 종양세포(腫瘍細胞)의 이질성(異質性)에 따른 차이점(差異點)을 보정(補整)할 수 있는 방법(方法)이며, 1971년(年) Park 등이 마우스 골수종(骨髓腫) 세포(細胞)에 대한 stem cell assay를 시행(施行)해 본 결과(結果) in vivo에서의 결과(結果)와 잘 일치(一致)하여 그 이후로는 종양세포(腫瘍細胞)에 대한 항암제(抗癌劑)의 약제(藥劑) 감수성검사(感受性檢査)에 많이 사용(使用)되고 있다. 진령탕가감방은 담습응결(痰濕凝結)을 치료(治療)하는 효능(效能)을 가진 처방(處方)으로 거담작용(祛痰作用)을 가진 반하(半夏), 패모(貝母), 거습작용(祛濕作用)을 가진 의이인(薏苡仁), 백복령, 이기(理氣) 하기작용(下氣作用)을 가진 진피(陳皮), 대자석, 정향(丁香), 비파엽(枇杷葉), 항암작용(抗癌作用)을 가진 용규(龍葵), 반지련(半枝蓮), 모려(牡蠣), 하고초(夏枯草), 저령 등(等)의 약물(藥物)로 구성되어 있다. 근래(近來) 단일약물(單一藥物)의 항암효과(抗癌效果)에 대한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究)로는 금(金) 등에 의한 인삼(人蔘), 녹용(鹿茸)의 항체생산(抗體生産) 억제(抑制) 완화효과(緩和效果) 및 임(任)에 의한 어성초(魚腥草), 녹혈(鹿血), 저령, 천산갑(穿山甲) 등이 정상(正常) 면역세포(免役細胞)에는 거의 독작용(毒作用)을 일으키지 않으면서 강력(强力)한 항암효과(抗癌效果)가 있다는 보고(報告), 금(金) 등에 의한 자완, 동풍채(東風菜), 영지(靈芝), 선학초(仙鶴草), 파두(巴豆) 등이 항암작용(抗癌作用) 및 면역반응(免疫反應)에 효과(效果)를 미친다는 보고(報告) 등이 있고, 복합제제(複合製劑) 약물(藥物)의 항암효과(抗癌效果)에 대한 연구(硏究)로는 강(姜) 등에 의한 식분환(息賁丸), 비기환(肥氣丸) 및 비기환이 백혈병(白血病)과 임파종환자(淋巴腫患者)에서 추출(抽出)한 암세포(癌細胞)에 항암효과(抗癌效果)가 있다는 보고(報告) 및 금(金) 등에 의한 복량환(伏梁丸), 비기환 및 소적정원산(消積正元散)이 각종(各種) 암세포주(癌細胞柱)이 성장저애(成長沮碍) 효과(效果), 윤(尹) 등에 의한 육군자탕(六君子湯), 소시호탕(小柴胡湯), 사묘탕(四妙湯), 대시호탕(大柴胡湯), 방독탕(防毒湯), 반하백출천마탕(半夏白朮天麻湯), 파두(巴豆)를 가미(加味)한 사군자탕(四君子湯) 및 사물탕(四物湯) 등이 항암작용(抗癌作用) 및 면역반응(免疫反應)에 효과(效果)를 보인다는 보고(報告) 등이 있었으나, 아직까지 진령탕가감방의 항암효과(抗癌效果)에 대한 실험연구(實驗硏究)는 없었다. 이에 저자(著者)는 항암효과(抗癌效果)가 있을 것으로 추정(推定)되는 진령탕가감방의 항종양효과(抗種瘍效果)를 알아보기 위하여, 수용성(水溶性) 추출액(抽出液)을 얻은 후 현대(現代) 병리학적(病理學的)으로 다용(多用)하는 colony형성억제실험(形成抑制實驗), SRB assay에 의한 항종양효과(抗種瘍效果), 생명연장율(生命延長率), 화학적(化學的)인 방법(方法)과 암종세포(癌腫細胞) 이식(移植)에 의한 종양(腫瘍) 유발(誘發)을 통하여 암(癌) 발생(發生) 및 그 경과(經過)에 미치는 영향(影響) 및 NK세포활성(細胞活性)에 미치는 영향(影響) 등을 관찰(觀察)하였다. 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서는 진령탕가감방의 종양세포(腫瘍細胞)에 대한 증식억제작용(增殖抑制作用)을 관찰(觀察)하고자 in vitro test인 colony형성억제실험(形成抑制實驗)과 SRB assay를 이용(利用)하였는데, 진령탕가감방의 추출액(抽出液)이 종양세포(腫瘍細胞)의 성장(成長)을 억제(抑制)하는 효과(效果)가 농도의존적(濃度依存的)으로 증가(增加)하는 결과(結果)를 보여 항종양(抗腫瘍)의 효과(效果)가 있음을 나타냈고(Table 3, 4), in vivo assay로서 sarcoma 180 복수암세포를 이식(移植)한 마우스의 평균생존일수(平均生存日數)를 관찰(觀察)하여 NCI protocol에 의하여 검정(檢定)한 결과(結果), 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)을 투여(投與)한 마우스의 평균생존기간(平均生存期間) 및 생명연장율(生命延長率)이 뚜렷하게 증가(增加)되었다(Table 5). 또한 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)을 마우스에 투여(投與)하면 MCA로 유도(誘導)한 종양(腫瘍) 및 3LL 세포(細胞) 이식(移植)에 의한 종양(腫瘍)의 발생율(發生率) 및 발생(發生)된 종양(腫瘍)의 크기가 현저히 감소(減少)되었다(Table 6, 7). 이러한 효과(效果)는 진령탕가감방이 감수성(感受性) 암종세포(癌腫細胞)에 직접적으로 영향(影響)을 미쳐 그 증식(增殖)이 억제(抑制)되었을 가능성(可能性)을 생각할 수 있다. 그렇지만 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 암종특이성(癌腫特異性)에 관한 결론(結論)을 내릴 수는 없으므로 암종특이성(癌腫特異性)에 관한 연구(硏究)는 진행(進行)해야 할 것으로 생각된다. 또 다른 가능(可能)한 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)의 항종양(抗腫瘍) 작용기전(作用機轉)은 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)이 NK세포(細胞)의 활성(活性)을 항진(亢進)시킨 실험결과(實驗結果)로 유추(類推)하여, 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)이 종양(腫瘍)마우스에 비특이적(非特異的)인 면역활성(免疫活性)을 촉진(促進)시킴으로써 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)의 항종양작용(抗腫瘍作用)이 발현될 가능성(可能性)도 생각할 수 있다. 따라서 앞으로 여러 암종세포(癌腫細胞)에 대한 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)의 항종양작용(抗腫瘍作用)과 종양동물(腫瘍動物)에서의 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液) 투여(投與)에 의한 생체생리현상(生體生理現象)의 변화(變化), 생리활성물질(生理活性物質)의 본능(本能) 등을 밝히기 위한 보다 구체적(具體的)이고 광범위(廣範圍)한 연구(硏究)가 수행(隨行)되어져야 되리라고 사료(思料)된다. 세포성(細胞性) 면역반응중(免疫反應中) 중요(重要)한 역할(役割)을 하는 작동세포중 NK세포(細胞)는 여러 종양(腫瘍)에 대해 자연살해능(自然殺害能)을 보여 소위 T비의존성(非依存性) 면역감시기전(免疫監視機轉)에 관하여는 바이러스 및 세균(細菌)에 감염(感染)된 세포(細胞)를 파괴(破壞)하는 활성(活性)을 가지며, IL-2 및 Interferon 등에 의하여 활성(活性)이 증가(增加)된다. NK세포(細胞)가 표적세포를 파괴(破壞)하는 기전(機轉)에 관해서는 아직 확실히 알려져 있지 않으나, 첫째로 표적세포를 인식(認識)하는 시기(時期), 둘째로 융해기전(融解機轉)을 활성화(活性化)시키는 시기(時期), 셋째로 NK lymphotoxin이 유리(遊離)되는 시기(時期), 넷째로 표적세포의 사멸기(死滅期)로 나눌 수 있다. 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)으로 전처리(前處理)시 NK세포(細胞)의 표적세포와의 결합능(結合能)은 물론 결합(結合)된 표적세포의 융해능(融解能)이 촉진(促進)된 결과(結果)를 보이는데(Table 8), 이와 같은 결과(結果)는 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)이 NK세포(細胞)의 표적세포 파괴 4단계 전체를 항진(亢進)시킨 결과(結果)로 인정(認定)된다. 이상에서 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)을 폐암세포주인 A549와 간암세포주인 hep3B 및 신장암 유래의 종양세포주인 Caki-1 cell에 투여(投與)한 결과, in vitro test인 colony형성억제실험(形成抑制實驗)과 SRB assay에서 모두 농도의존적(濃度依存的)으로 암세포주 성장(成長)을 억제(抑制)하였다. 2. Strcoma 180세포(細胞)를 마우스에 이식(移植)하여 평균생존기간(平均生存期間) 및 생명연장율(生命延長率)을 측정(測定)하는 in vivo test에서는 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)이 마우스의 평균생존기간(平均生存期間) 및 생명연장율(生命延長率)을 증가(增加)시키는 결과(結果)를 보였다. 3. 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)은 MCA로 유도(誘導)한 종양(腫瘍)의 발생율(發生率) 및 발생종양(發生腫瘍)의 크기를 현저히 감소(減少)시켰으며, 3LL세포(細胞) 이식(移植)에 의한 종양발생(腫瘍發生) 또한 현저히 감소(減少)시켰다. 4. 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)은 NK세포(細胞)의 활성도(活性度)를 증가(增加)시켰다. 특히 $10{\mu}g/ml$ 농도 에서 NK세포(細胞) 활성도(活性度)가 가장 현저히 증가(增加)되었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로 보아 진령탕가감방은 암종세포(癌腫細胞)에 대한 직접적(直接的)인 성장억제(成長抑制) 및 세포(細胞)의 활성(活性)을 통한 면역증진(免疫增進)에 의해 다양(多樣)한 항종양효과(抗腫瘍效果)를 보인 것으로 사료(思料)된다.