• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.133-140
• /
• 2014

Cleavage fracture behaviors were investigated in Ni-Mo-Cr steels with mixed microstructure of lower bainite and martensite. As the size of carbide decreased, the cleavage fracture strength increased, which was independent of the sizes of grain and packet. The measured cleavage fracture strengths were in good agreement with cleavage fracture strengths calculated by Petch model rather than by modified Griffith model in micro-structures with fine carbides, the size of which were small below a few hundred nanometer.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.306-316
• /
• 2013

Microstructure and fracture behavior of a multi-phase low-density steel were investigated. After hot-rolling and heat treatment, the microstructure of low-density steel was composed of coarse ferrite grains and elongated bands which include second phases such as austenite, martensite and ${\kappa}$-carbide depending on holding time during isothermal heat treatment. After tensile test, microcracks were observed at martensite or ${\kappa}$-carbide interface in the elongated bands. Coarse ferrite grains showed cleavage fracture behavior regardless of second phase. The cleavage fracture of ferrite could be attributed to their coarse grain size and solute atoms that increase ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of ferrite. Despite of the tendency of cleavage fracture in coarse ferrite grains, a specimen having coarse spheroidized ${\kappa}$-carbide particles in the elongated bands showed high total elongation of 30%. Thus, the easiness of plastic deformation in the elongated band seems to play an important role in retardation of cleavage crack formation in coarse ferrite grains.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.24-32
• /
• 2001

Recently, iron aluminides based on Fe3Al and FeAl are ordered intermetallic alloys that offer good oxidation resistance, excellent sulfidation resistance, and potentially lower cost than many high-temperature structural materials. They have better strength, elasticity to weight ratio and high temperature strength, therefore, they can be cosidered as candidate heat resistance structural materials for automobiles, ships, airplanes and spaceships applications. The changes in the mechanical properties and fracture behavior were investigated for Fe-30at.%Al-5at.%Cr alloys when Ti, Hf and Zr were added respectively. For mechanical properties such as Rockwell hardness and yield strength at room temperature, those were decreased in the case of Fe-30at.%Al-5at.%Cr alloy then increased in the case of 5at.% and 10at.% addition of Ti alone. However, Rockwell hardness and yield strength decreased again at 15%Ti then increased dramatically due to the precipitation hardening of the second phase on the specimen at 20%Ti. For fracture modes, cleavage fracture showed in the case of Fe-30at.%Al and Fe-30at.%Al-5at.%Cr alloys. As the amount of Ti addition changed cleavage to transgranular fracture and to quasi-cleavage fracture at 20%Ti. When Hf, Zr and Hf+Zr were added respectively, transgranular, cleavage and quasi-cleavage fracture were coexisted.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
• /
• v.48 no.8
• /
• pp.705-716
• /
• 2010

Effects of specimen thickness and notch shape on fracture mode appearing in drop weight tear test (DWTT) specimens of API X70 and X80 linepipe steels were investigated. Detailed microstructural analysis of fractured DWTT specimens showed that the fractures were initiated in normal cleavage mode near the specimen notch, and that some separations were observed at the center of the fracture surfaces. The Chevron-notch (CN) DWTT specimens had broader normal cleavage surfaces than the pressed-notch (PN) DWTT specimens. Larger inverse fracture surfaces appeared in the PN DWTT specimens because of the higher fracture initiation energy at the notch and the higher strain hardening in the hammer-impacted region. The number and length of separations were larger in the CN DWTT specimens than in the PN DWTT specimens, and increased with increasing specimen thickness due to the plane strain condition effect. As the test temperature decreased, the tendency to separations increased, but separations were not found when the cleavage fracture prevailed at very low temperatures. The DWTT test results, such as upper shelf energy and energy transition temperature, were discussed in relation with microstructures and fracture modes including cleavage fracture, shear fracture, inverse fracture, and separations.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
• /
• v.49 no.9
• /
• pp.726-731
• /
• 2011

The present work shows how the flexural displacement-induced fracture strength of silicon devices, whose back surfaces have wafer grinding-induced scratch marks, depends on the crystallographic orientation. Experimental results indicate that silicon devices with scratch marks parallel to their lateral direction (i.e. reference axis in this work) are very susceptible to flexural fracture, as compared to devices with marks which deviated from the direction. The 3-point bending test shows that the fracture strength of silicon devices having marks which are oriented away from the reference axis is 2.6 times higher than that of devices with marks parallel to the axis. It was particularly interesting to see that silicon devices with identical preferred marks even reveal different fracture strengths, depending on whether the marks are involved in specific crystal planes such as {111} or {011}, called cleavage planes. This work demonstrates that silicon devices with the reference axis-aligned scratch marks not existing on such cleavage planes can have higher fracture strength approximately 20% higher than those existing on the planes.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.223-229
• /
• 1981

A study has been made of the fracture strength and ductility of the dual phase microstructure, in which the martensitic phase encapsulated islands of ferritic phase in association with the cleavage cracking of ferrite grains. It was found the final fracture occured in a brittle manner, starting from the Griffith crack which consisted of the cleavage crack in the ferrite grains and the cracks in second phase. Furthermore, the effects of the ferrite grain sizes on the Griffith crack were also discussed.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.12
• /
• pp.2158-2173
• /
• 2004

In this paper, the higher order terms in the crack tip stress fields are investigated macroscopically for more realistic assessment of structural material behaviors. For reactor pressure vessel material of A533B ferritic steel, effects of crack size and temperature have been evaluated using 3-point SENB specimens through a series of finite element analyses, tensile tests and fracture toughness tests. The T-stress, Q-parameter and q-parameter as well as the K and J-integral are calculated and mutual relationships are investigated also. Based on the evaluation, it has proven that the effect of crack size from standard length (a/W=0.53) to shallow length (a/W=0.11) is remarkable whilst the effect of temperature from -20$^{\circ}C$ to -60$^{\circ}C$ is negligible. Finally, the cleavage fracture toughness loci as a function of the promising Q-parameter or q-parameter are developed using specific test results as well as finite element analysis results, which can be applicable for structural integrity evaluation considering constraint effects.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.1 no.4
• /
• pp.411-426
• /
• 2001

This paper treats the failure analysis of prestressing steel wires with different kinds of localised damage in the form of a surface defect (crack or notch) or as a mechanical action (transverse loads). From the microscopical point of view, the micromechanisms of fracture are shear dimples (associated with localised plasticity) in the case of the transverse loads and cleavage-like (related to a weakest-link fracture micromechanism) in the case of cracked wires. In the notched geometries the microscopic modes of fracture range from the ductile micro-void coalescence to the brittle cleavage, depending on the stress triaxiality in the vicinity of the notch tip. From the macroscopical point of view, fracture criteria are proposed as design criteria in damage tolerance analyses. The transverse load situation is solved by using an upper bound theorem of limit analysis in plasticity. The case of the cracked wire may be treated using fracture criteria in the framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics on the basis of a previous finite element computation of the stress intensity factor in the cracked cylinder. Notched geometries require the use of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and numerical analysis of the stress-strain state at the failure situation. A fracture criterion is formulated on the basis of the critical value of the effective or equivalent stress in the Von Mises sense.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.356-365
• /
• 2004

Mechanical properties and microstructures of the Ni-AI-Fe and Ni-AI-Fe-(B, Zr) alloys which containing $10{\sim}30at$.%Fe, 0.1at.%B and/or 0.1at.%Zr have been investigated. The experimental results showed that the microstructures of Ni25Al were changed from a single phase ${\gamma}$ to dual phase ${\gamma}$ and ${\beta}$ by addition of 27at.%Fe. Ni45Al, however, kept the single ${\beta}$ phase even though Fe was added upto 30at.%. The hardness of Ni25Al were increased from $H_RB$ 70 to $H_RC$ 39 by addition of 27at.%Fe. In the case of Ni45Al which have $H_RC$ 37, the hardness was decreased by lOat.%Fe addition, but increased with 30at.%Fe. The yield strength and ultimate compressive strength in the compressive test have showed a similar trend with the hardness change. The strain to fracture was 14% at maximum and achieved in Ni25Al-27at.%Fe and Ni25Al-27at.%Fe-0.1 at.%B alloys. The Ni45Al showed a relatively low strain to fracture as 4%. The impact absorption energy of Ni25Al increased from 0.74 kg-m to 1.81 kg-m by addition of 27at.%Fe. In case of Ni45Al, the addition of lOat.%Fe and lOat.%Fe with small amounts of Band Zr did not change significantly the impact absorption energy of 0.60 kg-m, whereas the addition of 30at.%Fe with small amounts of B and Zr increased it slightly. In fracture tests, both of two basic materials showed the same intergranular fracture but by adding Fe it changed to the cleavage fracture mode or co-existing of cleavage and intergranular fractures.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2008.11a
• /
• pp.161-166
• /
• 2008

In general structures, cleavage fracture may develop under the low constraint condition of larger scale yielding with a shallow surface crack. However, standard procedures for fracture toughness testing require very severe restrictions of specimen geometry. So the standard fracture toughness data makes the integrity assessment irrationally conservative. In this paper, cleavage fracture toughness tests have been made on side-grooved PCVN (precracked charpy V-notch) type specimens (10 by 10 by 55 mm) with varying crack depth, The constraint effects on the crack depth ratios are quantitatively evaluated by scaling model and Weibull stress method using 3-D finite clement method, After correction of constraint loss due to shallow crack depths, the statistical size effect are also corrected according to the standard ASTM E 1921 procedure, The results snowed a good agreement in the geometry correction regardless of the crack size, while some over-corrections were observed in the corrected values of $T_0$.