• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2024

This study provides the underlying data on the inclusion of medical technologists in the category of medical personnel. Medical personnel are defined in the Medical Service Act as physicians, dentists, oriental medicine doctors, midwives, and nurses. In the act, medical technologists shall be classified into clinical laboratory technologists (clinical pathology technologists in the Korean language), radiological technologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, dental technologists, and dental hygienists. Although South Korea's medical personnel do not include medical technologists, Japan and Taiwan define them as medical personnel. Various standard occupational classification such as International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008, Korean Standard Classification of Occupations 2017, Japan Standard Occupational Classification 2009, Taiwan Standard Occupational Classification 2010, and USA Standard Occupational Classification 2018 were compared. The education system for medical health technologists was explained to include 4-year university and 3-year junior college programs. The roles of medical technologists in medical practice, therapy, and medical assistance were outlined. These basic materials incorporate the need for discussions about the meaning of including medical technologists in the type of medical personnel. These discussions will contribute to the legalization of medical technologists' professionality with regard to their inclusion in the type of medical personnel.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.144-152
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• 2009

Background : Ephedra (Ephedra sinica) has been widely used to treat respiratory disease in traditional medicine of East Asia for over a hundred years. Despite safety concerns raised by some, the use of ephedra in traditional medicine is documented over more than 1,800 years. It is well established that ephedra is one of the central medicines in Korean 'Seseng constitution' medicine. In Sasang constitution medicine, all humans can be divided into one of four types: Soeumin, Soyangin, Taeumin or Taeyangin, and each constitution type has their own typical characteristics. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that the adverse effects of ephedra differ depending on the Sasang constitution classification. Objectives : The aim of this study was to determine adverse effects of ephedra which is classified as a Taeumin herb, and to observe whether the response differs or not. according to Sasang constitution classification. Methods : The study design was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. The subjects were healthy adults 20 - 50 years old who agreed to participate in this study. They were allocated through randomization to either ephedra group (N=55) or placebo group (N=24). where ephedra extract (6 g of dried ephedra) and placebo with similar opaque capsules were given twice for one day. To compare the adverse events of ephedra according to Sasang constitution classification, we analyzed blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), pulse rate, the morning questionnaire, and patient's global assessment scale score for well known adverse events: palpitation, headache, sweating, tiredness, dyspepsia, and dry mouth. Results : After ingestion of ephedra, the pulse rate had a significant increase in all constitution types. The changes of diastolic pressure in Soeumin and the changes of pulse rate in Soeumin, Soyangin and Taeumin had a significant increase in the ephedra over the control group. In the ephedra group, the palpitation and dyspepsia score of the patients' global assessment scale had a significant increase in Soeumin, with palpitation and sweating score increasing in Soyangin. Others observations were insignificant results. Conclusion : The results of this study may confirm that the physical responses or adverse effects of herbs differ for each type of Sasang constitution. Future studies using other herbs will be required to ascertain the herbal drug reaction of Sasang constitutions.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.11-29
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• 2008

Objective : The aim of this study was to analyse the latest trend of medical science articles about Bojungikki-Tang published in Japan. Methods : We searched medical science articles published from 2003 to 2008 in Japan on the web site, CiNii and then these articles were reviewed and classified according to experimental subject and method. Results : Fifty-two articles, related to Bojungikki-Tang were searched and these were classified into three classes, pharmacological signaling studies, clinical case studies and the others. As a result of classification, clinical case studies were most abundant by 38 cases, pharmacological signaling studies were 10 and the others were 4. This result suggested that the study of Bojungikki-Tang was mainly focused on clinical study rather than experimental study. Among the clinical case studies, clinical studies related to immune disease took the most greatest number and number of other clinical studies were evenly distributed over the various disease. Immune intensification effect of Bojungikki-Tang can be thought continuous with reinforce the middle Jiao Qi in company with improvement effect on growth hormone failure and male infertility. A fact that the one prescription, Bojungikki-Tang could be used to treat various diseases reflects a viewpoint of Oriental medicine that is based on the respect for and understanding of individual constitution and disposition while paying attention to the gender difference and individuality. The clinical usefulness of Bojungikki-Tang on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and visceroptosis concerns with ascend Yang and treat Qi sinking. Pharmacological signaling studies were mainly focused on diseases that were treated Bojungikki-Tang in clinic, however, there was one study that experimented on changes of numerous gene expression according to the treatment of Bojungikki-Tang using DNA array. Conclusion : The therapeutic system of Oriental medicine is different in various aspects form that of Western medicine and appropriate harmonization of east and west is expected to improve the quality of medical care. In this regard, continuous investigation and analysis about herbal medical science papers in Japan can also be useful to make progress in Korean traditional medicine.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.864-868
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• 2012

This study aimed to examine the recognition on phlegm-retained fluid of the Onbo School's five physicians, Xue Ji(薛己), Sun Yi-kui(孫一奎), Zhao Xian-ke(趙獻可), Zhang Jie-bin(張介賓), and Li Zhong-zi(李中梓), who made important contributions in the formation of Tanbing theories. Five authors were included as the study subjects. The study examined on the definition, causes, classification, therapeutic methods, and instructions of phlegm-retained fluid. The results are Phlegm-retained fluid is formed when the normal circulation of body fluid is not functioning properly. Plegm (痰) is thick, slimy, and murky fluid. In contrast, retained fluid(飮) is clear and watery fluid. The major causal organs of phlegm-retained fluid formation were pointed out as pancreas and kidney. Five physicians had different opinions regarding the classification of phlegm-retained fluid. Warming and tonifing the spleen and stomach(溫補脾胃) and tonifing the kidney(補腎) were taken as the suitable methods for treating phlegm-retained fluid. The common characteristics of the Onbo School were verified in terms of formation and treatment methods for phlegm-retained fluid. However, specific common points were hardly found in other items. The Onbo School had varied opinions on the processing methods of Rehmannia glutinosa(熟地黃). Further discussion on related references are essential.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.144-151
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• 2012

Chronic gastritis is the disease that is occuring in one in every 10 persons in Korea. In western medicine, endoscopy is needed to diagnose chronic gastritis, but it causes patients a pain and budget of expense. According to the TEM (Traditional Eastern Medicine), on the other hand, the 'Guan' position of the right wrist is related to a stomach. Thus we can diagnosis chronic gastritis by analyzing of pulse signal. However, pulse signal diagnosis is depended on oriental doctor's knowledge and experience. In this study, a systematic approach is proposed to analyze the computerized pulse signal. The pulse signals are firstly pre-processed, Gaussian model is adopted to fit the pulse signal, and then some related parameters are extracted from the model. Consequently, disease-sensitive parameters are selected by T-test and statistical difference. Finally, the selected parameters are entered into a Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) algorithm for classification. Classification results show that healthy persons and chronic gastritis patients are 95% and 87%, respectively.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2007

Objectives : A morphological classification among Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Codonopsis lanceolata, Adenophora remotiflora and Codonopsis pilosula was made through microscopic observation. Method : The slice of the tested material made by paraffin section technique was colored with Safranine Malachite Green contrast methods, and then observed and photographed by olymphus-BHT. Result : 1. Codonopsis pilosula is like a long cone, with amole-like projected parts at the beginning of the roots. 2. Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Codonopsis lanceolata, Adenophora remotiflora, and Codonopsis pilosula are all similar as following: 1) Cork layers are composed of a few to over 10 subsidiary cells, with individual or a group of stone cells among them. 2) Phloem is wide and has a milk tube. Conclusion : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Codonopsis lanceolata, Adenophora remotiflora, and Codonopsis pilosula are all similar and difficult to be distinguished through microscopic observation, so that chemical experiments should be conducted for their identification.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.25-31
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is searching for grounds of new regulations about submerging properties of Aquilariae Lignum described in the Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Methods : Through the investigation of the various Chinese histories and herbal classics, the definitions of Aquilariae Lignum and documents on actual trade and discrimination methods by sinking under water. Results : In Jiaozhouyiwuzhi(交州異物志) written in the early 2nd century, Aquilariae Lignum was defined as heart wood part or knots sinking under water due to hard and dark deposition of resins. Also, which are not sinking were defined as zhan xiang(棧香), and which are floating were named as qian xiang(槧香). The definitions of Aquilariae Lignum had not been changed till Ching Dynasty era, but the classification and the names about not-sinking and floating Lignum materials were a little changed. Conclusions : These results indicate that it is reasonable to make a regulation that "Aquilariae Lignum sinks under water" in the property description of The Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 2003

Objectives: This study was carried out to analyze and understand the trends of research papers published In the Journal of Oriental Medical Surgery？phthalmology & Otolaryngology Society(JOMSOOS). Methods: We studied the 308 research papers that had been published in JOMSOOS from 1988 Vol. 1. No. 1. to 2002 Vol. 15. No. 2. Our study was developed through the four stages in order to analyze the papers; 1) we analyzed all the papers overall to classify them into three categories; original article. review article and case report. 2) we classified the original articles in terms of methodology. 3) we also analyzed the case reports according to the sort of disease each paper dealt with. 4) we had another statistical approach to each paper to figure out the distribution of diagnoses in detail. Results: We have got the following outcomes from our analysis of the papers in terms of the four stages. 1. Overall Analysis. 1) Classification of 308 research papers between 1988 and 2002: 137 original articles(44.48$\%$), 111 review articles(36.04$\%$), 56 case reports(18.18$\%$). 2) Used language: Korean(99.03$\%$). English(0.97$\%$). 3) The Number of Authors: 2 persons(42.86$\%$). 3 persons(29.87$\%$), 1 person(14.61$\%$). 2. Original Article Analysis 1) Classification of 137 original articles in terms of methodology: 90 experimental studies(65.69$\%$)46 descriptive studies(33.58$\%$), 1 analytic study(0.73$\%$). 2) Classification of the original articles according to the use of statistical methods: No statistical methods(36.42$\%$), Descriptive methods only(1.99$\%$), Not defined(23.18$\%$), t-test(24.50$\%$), ANOVA(3.97$\%$), Multiple comparison(2.65$\%$), Non-parametric test(2.65$\%$), Other methods(1.32$\%$). 3) Classification of 46 descriptive articles in terms of diseases: otorhinolaryngology(43.48$\%$), dermatology(23.91$\%$), ophthalmology(13.04$\%$), facial palsy(13.04$\%$). 4) Classification of descriptive articles in terms of the number of patients: the highest was 'more than 26 but less than 50 persons'(19 articles - 41.30$\%$). 5) Classification of descriptive articles in terms of the period for patients observation: the highest was the time 'more than 9 but less than 12 months(34.78$\%$)' Out of the 34.78$\%$, the number of articles with the patients observed for more than 12 months was 13(28.26$\%$). 3. Case Report Analysis 1) Classification of 56 case reports in terms of the sort of disease: dermatology(44.64$\%$), ophthalmology(19.64$\%$), otorhinolaryngology(14.29$\%$), facial palsy(8.93$\%$). 2) Classification in terms of the number of patients: 1 person(50$\%$), 3 persons(16.07$\%$), 2 persons(14.29$\%$). 4. Diagnosis Distribution of Each Disease. 1) Studies regarding ophthalmology : the percentage of 'strabismus' cases was the highest(33.33$\%$). 2) Studies regarding otorhinolaryngology : nasal inflammation(34.48$\%$), tinnitus(20.69$\%$). 3) Studies regarding dermatology: the percentage of 'allergic skin disease' was the highest(33.33$\%$). Conclusions: We analyzed the trends of research papers that have been published in JOMSOOS in detail. We came to understand the trends of the research through this study. However, we acknowledge that we only adopted the quantitative method out of various possible analysis methods. For further studies, we strongly urge to adopt the qualitative methods as well.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.3-16
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• 2003

In researches done previously, the characteristics of the Hyangyak medicine in the early period of Chosun shown in "HyangyakBoncho(鄕藥本草)" in Vol. 76-85 of "Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方)" and "Sanghan section(傷寒門)" in Vol. 5-8 of "Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方)" was investigated. "Cough section(咳嗽門)" in "Various Diseases volume" of "Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑 雜病篇)" Vol. 5 and "Various Coughs section(諸咳門)" of "Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方)" Vol 24-25 which is a paragraph related to "Sanghan section(傷寒門)" was compared. The variety of the Hyangyak, processing methods and forms of the Hyangyak were shown by comparing each oriental medical botany(本草) used for treating cough(咳嗽) in "Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑)". Subsequently, the difference between each structure and medical theory was speculated. The facts revealed in this research is as follows. First, [Various Coughs section(諸咳門)] of "Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方)" uses only the Hyangyak, and no foreign medicines were used for treating cough(咳嗽) in "Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑)". Second, in [Various Coughs section(諸咳門)] of "Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方)", medicines related to diet and medicines taken raw were widely used, and various forms of medicine such as extracts, plasters, and gruels were used. Third, like other medical books in earlier periods, [Various Coughs section(諸咳門)] of "Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方)" describes the medical theory with conciseness, and keeps the structure of symptom classification focused on treatment and prescription. Fourth, as [Hyangyakboncho(鄕藥本草)] extensively uses the knowledge of oriental medical botany(本草) from two of Four Masters of GeumWon(金 元); JangWonSo(張元素) and LeeDongWon(李東垣), "Various Coughs section(諸咳門)" of "Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方)" quotes the books of JuDanGae but does not adopt the theory and prescriptions of 'replenishing yin and downbearing fire (滋陰降火)'. To find a more descriptive picture of the Hyangyak medicine for the treatment of 'cough(咳嗽)', a comparatitive study between the books written in the same period -"Euibangyuchui(醫方類聚)" and books compilated in China should be done, and there should be more profound researches done on individual medicines and prescriptions.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.99-113
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• 2014

Objectives: To provide theoretical basis for the classification of medicinal moxibustion(藥灸劑) in Health Insurance Medical Benefit in Korea through investigating trend of judicial precedents on indirect moxibustion and usage of medicinal moxibustion in "Donguibogam". Methods: We analyzed statistical data of moxibustion from Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service and National Health Insurance Statistical Yearbook. We investigated major judicial precedents on indirect moxibustion to find out some trend and we searched the usages of medicinal moxibustion in "ZhenJiuDaCheng" and "Donguibogam". Results: According to recent judicial precedents, indirect moxibustion with equipment is no loner regarded as Korean Medical Procedure. In composition of 'Oriental Health Treatment', amount for acupuncture has gradually decreased instead, amount for moxibustion has increased steadily for 5 years. Medicinal moxibustion(藥灸劑) is often used as a form of indirect medicinal moxibustion with moxa in "Donguibogam". Argyi Folium, Moschus, Natrii Chloridium, Radix Preparata, Realgar and Olibanum are most frequently used for medicinal moxibustion in "Donguibogam". Medicinal moxibustions are composed of simple prescription or herb-pair or multiple prescription in "Donguibogam". Conclusions: In Health Insurance Medical Benefit in Korea, under the division of moxibustion, direct medicinal moxibustion and indirect medicinal moxibustion should be classified in addition.