• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.16
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• pp.155-181
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• 2001

International Trade has led to the increase of the demand of international transport, and also the development of international transport not only incurs claims concerning transportation but also establishes various international rules to settle the claims between the shippers and carriers incurred in the course of transport. With a view to settling the claims successfully, the men who are concerned in the transport have to know the principle and scopes of carrier's liability. In this paper, I would like to find out the scopes of liability of multimodal carriers based on the principles of liability. In order to perform the purpose of this study, I classify the liability principle of the international carrier under the UNs Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Good(1980) and UNCTDAD/ICC Rules(1991) in three system-Network Liability System, Uniform Liability System and Modified Liability System. And that I show the results-the scopes of multimodal carriers' liability based on the UN's Multimodal Convention(1980) and the ICC/UNCTAD Rules(1991), and transport vehicles.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.303-328
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• 2000

International Trade has led to the increase of the demand of international transport, and also the development of transport vehicles has been promoting the volumes of international trade. Therefore, the development of international transport not only incurs claims concerning transportation but also establishes various international rules to settle the claims between the shippers and the carriers in the course of transport. With a view to settling the claims successfully, the men who are concerned in the transport have to know the principle and scope of carrier's Liability. In this paper, I would like to find out the principle of Liability for the shippers. Therefore, I classify the Liability principle of the international transporter under the UNs Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Good(1980) and UNCTDAD/ICC Rules(1991) in three system - Network Liability System, Uniform Liability System and Modified Uniform Liability System.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.213-237
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• 2010

Duty refund taken exports of raw materials in the manufacture of goods for import duties paid, and refunds, as a system, enhance the price competitiveness of domestic exporters to promote exports is established for them. The duty drawback system is consumed in the production of export goods levied on imported inputs does not exceed the level of reimbursement is established within the WTO rules do not restrict the export support policy is one of. Korea-EU FTA negotiations is a drawback in the ongoing maintenance of claims, while the EU claims that the duty drawback system can not be negotiated until the end of the field of focus is discussed. Intermediate goods imports to Korea is a higher percentage was pointed out the importance of duty drawback, EU FTA, the duty drawback is not a party to remain exporters of raw materials, such as 3rd party can not go back because the benefits were opposed to. The final one-EU Concessions for the current duty drawback system was to maintain continuous.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.122-130
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• 2012

Currently, TK(Turn-key) projects have been implemented, the projects on TK basis still have shown several problems rather than its own merits as a bidding method. Increasing the number of claims being occurred during construction process of the projects is reality because of unclear notice of tender documents and conditions of the contract, design review system, and decision process of the qualified bidder. To establish desirable TK projects in domestic market, not only should resonable alternatives for carrying out design review system and selecting the bid winner be set up, but also proper standards for reforming irrational system of contract, bid, and notice of tender related to TK projects. This study is intended to reduce the number of claims and implement efficient projects of apartment construction on TK basis by identifying potential problems through analysis of claim examples of TK projects which have difficulties of revising contract agreement such as drawings and suggesting improvement methods for contract conditions and notice of tender docuements.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2015

Background: The purpose of this study was to propose a method for developing a measure of hospital-wide all-cause risk-standardized readmissions using administrative claims data in Korea and to discuss further considerations in the refinement and implementation of the readmission measure. Methods: By adapting the methodology of the United States Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services for creating a 30-day readmission measure, we developed a 6-step approach for generating a comparable measure using Korean datasets. Using the 2010 Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) claims data as the development dataset, hierarchical regression models were fitted to calculate a hospital-wide all-cause risk-standardized readmission measure. Six regression models were fitted to calculate the readmission rates of six clinical condition groups, respectively and a single, weighted, overall readmission rate was calculated from the readmission rates of these subgroups. Lastly, the case mix differences among hospitals were risk-adjusted using patient-level comorbidity variables. The model was validated using the 2009 NHI claims data as the validation dataset. Results: The unadjusted, hospital-wide all-cause readmission rate was 13.37%, and the adjusted risk-standardized rate was 10.90%, varying by hospital type. The highest risk-standardized readmission rate was in hospitals (11.43%), followed by general hospitals (9.40%) and tertiary hospitals (7.04%). Conclusion: The newly developed, hospital-wide all-cause readmission measure can be used in quality and performance evaluations of hospitals in Korea. Needed are further methodological refinements of the readmission measures and also strategies to implement the measure as a hospital performance indicator.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.27
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• pp.3-28
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• 2005

It is common that several kind of claims between the parties are arising in carrying out international construction works. Therefore, it is very important for them to settle the claims effectively in order to get expected profits and purposes in international construction works. In this article, the author have studied on the procedures and contents on the settlement of claims between the parties based on the FIDIC contracts for major works which are newly prepared in 1999 by FIDIC. Especially, the arbitration clause in the FIDIC contracts for major works attempts to deal with a number of complex contractual and legal matters, sometimes in a very harsh way, e.g. by cutting off a party's rights. It has never been an easy clause to understand or to observe. Nevertheless, the author hopes he has been able in this article to clarify for the reader some of the issues raised by it. I'd like to suggest that our overseas construction companies refer to the FIDIC contracts for major works(especially article 20 : claims, disputes and arbitration) directly or indirectly for their contract of international construction works with overseas employers.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.177-190
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• 2022

This study is designed to identify the differences in the types and importance of trade claims at the national level. For analysis data, abstracts of arbitration and court judgments published on the website of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law are collected and used. The target countries are China and the United States, with 102 cases from China and 59 cases from the United States. By applying topic modeling techniques to the collection decisions of China and the United States, trade claims are categorized, and the importance of each type is identified using the network centrality index derived through semantic network analysis. The analysis results are as follows. First, the main types of trade claims were the same for both the United States and China: product nonconformity, delivery issues, and payments. However, in China, the order of product nonconformity > delivery issues > payments was important, and in the United States, payments > product nonconformity > delivery issues were found to be important. This study is significant in that it presents a strategic trade claim management plan using a quantitative methodology.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.397-403
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• 2006

Objectives: We estimated the asthma-related health care utilization and costs in Korea from the insurer's and societal perspective. Methods: We extracted the insurance claims records from the Korea National Health Insurance claims database for determining the health care services provided to patients with asthma in 2003. Patients were defined as having asthma if they had ${\geq}$2 medical claims with diagnosis of asthma and they had been prescribed anti-asthma medicines, Annual claims records were aggeregated for each patient to produce patient-specific information on the total utilization and costs. The total asthma-related cost was the sum of the direct healthcare costs, the transportation costs for visits to health care providers and the patient's or caregivers' costs for the time spent on hospital or outpatient visits. Results: A total of 699,603people were identified as asthma patients, yielding an asthma prevalence of 1.47%. Each asthma patient had 7.56 outpatient visits, 0.01 ED visits and 0.02 admissions per year to treat asthma. The per-capita insurance-covered costs increased with age, from 128,276 Won for children aged 1 to 14 years to 270,729 Won for those aged 75 or older. The total cost in the nation varied from 121,865 million to 174,949 million Won depending on the perspectives. From a societal perspective, direct health care costs accounted for 84.9%, transportation costs for 15.1 % and time costs for 9.2% of the total costs. Conclusions: Hospitalizations and ED visits represented only a small portion of the asthma-related costs. Most of the societal burden was attributed to direct medical expenditures, with outpatient visits and medications emerging as the single largest cost components.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Objectives : Korean national health insurance data is a useful real-world data representing whole medical bills submitted to Health Insurance Review Agency. This study aims to understand recent benefit trend of insurance herbal preparations for treating bronchiectasis(disease code J47) utilizing insurance data. Methods : We reviewed national health insurance claims data from 2013 to 2017 which have main diagnosis or sub diagnosis code of J47 and with the record of prescribing insurance herbal medication. Frequency analysis was performed to analyze the most frequently prescribed prescription. Results & Conclusions : Both the number of claims statement(770 to 1,746cases) and patients(266 to 484) of insurance herbal preparations increased considerably from 2013 to 2017. Top 10 preparations based on the number of claims statement were 'Samso-eum', 'Yeonkyopaedok-san', 'Socheongryong-tang', 'Bojungikgi-tang', 'Hyangsapyungwi-san', 'Yijin-tang', 'Saengmaek-san', 'Jaeumganghwa-tang', 'Ojeok-san' and 'Gungha-tang'. Top 10 preparations based on the number of patients were 'Samso-eum', 'Socheongryong-Tang', 'Saengmaek-san', 'Yeonkyopaedok-san', 'Haengso-tang', 'Hyangsapyungwi-san', Yijin-tang', 'Jaeumganghwa-tang', 'Bojungikgi-tang' and 'Hyeonggaeyeongyo-tang' in respectiv order. Claims of top 10 frequent preparations occupied more than 60% of total claims. We hope this finding to be utilized as basic data for future research of evidence-based bronchiectasis treatment utilizing Korean traditional medicine.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.433-445
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• 2015

Objectives: The major objectives of this study are to review the issues surrounding trade secret claims in the Chemicals Control Act and Amendment on Occupational Safety and Health Act(1917-227) and to propose a way of improving the reliability of chemical information in MSDSs, labels and National Chemical Survey results. Materials: To review the issues on trade secret claims, we made an analysis frame which was divided into three steps: Value and Problem Recognition; New Regulation Design; and Enforcement and Amendment. We then compared Korean issues with issues from the United States' Hazard Communication Standard and Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act, Canada's Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System and Hazardous Materials Information Review Act and the European Union's Regulation on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of substances and Mixtures. Results: The stage of right-to-know development in Korea has passed the Value and Problem Recognition phase, so efforts are needed to elaborately design new regulation. Conclusions: We recommend two ways to improve right-to-know in Korea. First, strict examination of the quality of documents for trade secret claims is very important. Second, trade secrets should be limited to less-hazardous substances.