• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2003

This study is performed to investigate the effects of citrus essential oils on melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. Five kinds of citrus essential oils (Bergamot, Grapefruit, Lemon, Mandarin, Petigrain) did not have any influence on DPPH radical scavenger activity, cell growth and cytotoxicity in B16 melanoma cells. Both mandarin and petigrain essential oils dose-dependently inhibited purified tyrosinase activity, but bergamot did not. In 1$\mu$M MSH-stimulated B16 melanoma cells, all of 5 citrus essential oils inhibited melanin production in a dose dependent manner. From the above results, it is possible that citrus essential oils may be developed to be an anti-melanogenesis agent on the basis of their inhibitory effect on MSH-induced melanin production.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of 14 kinds of citrus oils and to test their biological activities. Citrus essential oils were obtained by steam distillation from immature fruits collected from Jeju Island and were analyzed using gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Limonene (55.4% to 91.7%), myrcene (2.1% to 32.1%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (0.6% to 1.6%) and linalool (0.4% to 6.9%) were the major components in most citrus species. To evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity, all essential oils were tested against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Nine out of fourteen citrus oils exhibited antibacterial activity against P. acnes, but not against S. epidermidis. The effects of the citrus oils on DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide radical anion scavenging, nitric oxide radical, and cytotoxicity were also assessed. Three essential citrus oils, Joadeung, Dongjunggyul, and Bujiwha, exhibited potent inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production. Two essential oils, Dongjunggyul and Joadeung, showed potent free radical scavenging activities in the DPPH assay. For future applications in cosmetic products, we also performed MTT assays in a human dermal fibroblast cell line. The majority of the essential oils showed no cytotoxicity. The results indicate that citrus essential oils can be useful natural agents for cosmetic application.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.3 s.52
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• pp.265-271
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• 2005

This study is performed to investigate the effects of citrus essential oils on melanin production in B16 melanoma cells and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in RBL 2H3 cells. Five kinds of citrus essential oil (bergamot, grapefruit, lemmon, mandarin, petigrain) did not have any influence on DPPH radical scavenger activity, cell growth and cytotoxicity in B16 melanoma cells. In purified tyrosinase assay, both mandarin and petigrain essential oils dose-dependently inhibited its activity, but bergamot did not. In $1{\mu}M\;{\alpha}-MSH-stimulated$ B16 melanoma cells, all of 5 citrus essential oils inhibited melanin production in $\underline{a}$ dose dependent manner. On the other hand, four kinds of citrus essential oil dose-dependently increased ROS generation in RBL 2H3 mast cells, but mandarin did not. From the above results, it is possible that citrus essential oils nay be developed to be anti-melanogenic agent on the basis of their inhibitory effect on MSH-induced melanin production. Hut we can not rule out the possibility of the induction of allergy and inflammation since citrus essential oils caused ROS generation in RBL 2H3 mast cells.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.356-360
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• 1999

Growth-inhibitory effects of citrus oils and agricultural fungicides, which were on the market, on several molds isolated from putrefied citrus fruits were investigated. When fungicidal activities of 11 kinds of synthetic agrochemicals against 6 species of molds, Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus sp., Botrytis cinerea, Monilia candida, Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum, were investigated, agrochemicals containing mancozeb or fluazinam as an effective component had the broadest fungicidal spectrum. Agrochemicals containing iprodione, benomyl, azoxystrobin or thiophanate were less effective on the molds and those containing conazole derivative were intermediately effective. Resistance of the molds to the agrochemicals were species- and agrochemical-dependent. Among those molds tested, Penicillium italicum and Alternaria alternata showed relatively higher level of survival in the presence of synthetic fungicides. On the other hand, when the molds were exposed to citrus oils by direct contact, no cell could survive regardless of the species. The fungicidal activity of citrus oils was also confirmed by paper disk method and microscopic observation. These results suggested that citrus oils had broad killing activity against molds. Therefore, it would be necessary to design method for the application of citrus oils in order to improve post-harvest storage of citrus fruits.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 2007

Volatile components of the essential oils of Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu), Dangyuza (C. grandis), Yuza (C. junos), Byungkyul (C. playtymamma), Jinkyul (C. sunki), and Hakyul (C. natsudaidai) grown in Jeju Island were isolated from the fruit peels by hydro distillation and determined by GC-MS. GC-MS analysis identified 58 compounds, with main components being d-limonene $(64.01{\sim}79.34%),\;{\beta}-myrcene\;(3.01{\sim}26.53%),\;{\gamma}-terpinene\;(0.11{\sim}12.88%),\;{\beta}-pinene\;(0.78{\sim}4.74%),\;and\;{\alpha}-pinene\;(1.01{\sim}2.55%)$. Differences in compositions and contents of the essential oils were observed among citrus varieties. Effects of citrus oils on growth inhibitions of Escherchia coli, Staphyllococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans were investigated using disc diffusion assay and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The essential oils inhibited growths of the test organisms, exhibiting higher levels of activity against Gram-positive S. epidermidis (MIC values $0.04{\sim}0.17mg/mL$), whereas Gram-negative E. coli was moderately resistant (MIC values $1.66{\sim}20.30mg/mL$). MIC of citrus essential oils ranged from $0.82{\sim}23.69mg/mL$ against C. albicans. The essential oils obtained from C. sunki, C. grandis, and C. playtymamma showed the highest antimicrobial activities against S. epidermidis and C. albicans, indicating their potential as natural antimicrobial agents.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 2010

Malassezia furfur is an important causal factor for seborrheic dermatitis. Nowadays, the drugs available to treat this fungal infection are few. Several studies have documented the biological activity of essential oils. However, its antifungal properties are not completely understood, especially its anti-Malassezia activity. The aim of this study were to evaluate the effect of the plant essential oils on the growth of M. furfur using disk diffusion method and analyze by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) most active essential oils. In first screening, the 17 plant essential oils have possesses inhibitory activity against M. furfur at 2 mg/mL. Among the plant essential oils, oil of Citrus auranifoli was most active against M. furfur and its activity showed dose dependency. This anti-malassezial activity was high than that of itraconazole at 2 mg/mL. Oil of Citrus auranifolia also was phytochemically examined by GC-MS analysis, its main constituents were identified as limonene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene and terpinolene. It can be concluded that essential oils of Citrus auranifolia may have interesting applications to control fungal-derived diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1178-1183
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• 1999

Essential oils were isolated from the peel of mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. Var. Okitsu) cultivated in Cheju Island. Among three different isolation methods investigated, simultaneous distillation gave higher yield 1.14%(w/w) than solvent extraction or cold pressing. The densities of essential oils were between 0.8409 and 0.8530, which showed no significant effect of the isolation methods. Some variations in the number of constituents detected and the content of d-limonene in the peel oils were observed depending upon the isolation methods. The citrus fruit was collected seasonally from the field and used as a sample for analysis. The peel thickness and the peel content of citrus fruit were around 2 mm and about 17% on wet weight basis, respectively, in harvest season. The maximum yield of essential oils was obtained in September from citrus peels just prior to ripeness and thereafter the yield had a tendency of decrease but remained over 1%(w/w). The relative content of d-limonene, the major constituent of citrus peel oils. increased gradually with ripening up to 68.69%(relative peak area, RPA). The other minor constituents were ${\gamma}-terpinene,\;{\beta}-elemene$, farnesene, hexadecanoic acid, ${\alpha}-pinene,\; {\beta}-myrcene$ and linalool in the decreasing order of their own contents of 7.75, 2.96, 2.29, 1.76, 1.63, 1.56 and 1.46%(RPA).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.272-282
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• 2022

The essential oil extracted from Citrus × natsudaidai (Yu. Tanaka) Hayata peels is known to have various biological properties. However, the chemical composition of essential oil is influenced by the ripening stages of fruits, which then affects related biological activities. This study investigates the antioxidant activities of essential oils extracted from Citrus × natsudaidai peels at different ripening stages (immature, mature, and overripe). The essential oils were extracted using the hydro-distillation method. As a result of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, d-limonene was dominant and was increased as matured. However, 𝛄-terpinene was decreased. The antioxidant properties and their total phenolic content (TPC) were influenced by the ripening stages. The TPC was highest in the immature stage of essential oil (1,011.25 ± 57.15 mg GAE/100 g). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was excellent in the immature stage (EC₅₀ = 15.91 ± 0.38 mg/mL). 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was superior in overripe stage (EC₅₀ = 20.43 ± 0.37 mg/mL). The antioxidant activity measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay showed higher values for the essential oils in immaturity (1,342.37 ± 71.07 mg Fe²⁺/100 g). Comprehensively, the essential oil in the immature stage showed the best antioxidant activity. Finally, knowing the chemical composition and antioxidant activity at different ripening stages will provide data for selecting the right fruit.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 1979

The essential oil composition by means of gas liquid chromatography, and the occurrence and distribution of flavonoid glycosides in leaves, peels and barks of citrus plants native to Je Ju island were investigated. Results indicate that the occurrence of p-cymene, d,l-limonene, linalool, geraniol and linalyl acetate in the essential oils, and of hesperidin in leaves, peels and barks are fairly common to these species.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.371-383
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• 2021

Plant essential oils are used in products such as fragrances and cosmetics due to their individual aromatic characteristics. Currently, essential oils are not only used in cosmetics but also in pharmaceutical products with anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, insecticidal, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, psychophysiological, or anti-aging effects. Despite their pharmaceutical properties, some studies reported cytotoxic effects in high doses. Therefore, for pharmaceutical purposes, the margin of safety of essential oils needs to be examined. Herein, we evaluated the IC₅₀ of 10 essential oil from Korean native plants: Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry, Citrus natsudaidai Hayata, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Citrus unshiu (Yu. Tanaka ex Swingle) Marcow, Artemisia capillaris Thunb, Aster glehnii F. Schmidt, Juniperus chinensis L, Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc, Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) D, and Cinnamomum loureirii. In addition, gene regulation of the cell-cycle gene and apoptosis marker CASP3 was examined at the IC₅₀ level. The purpose of this study was to describe the toxic concentrations of essential oils extracted from Korean native plants, thereby providing toxic concentration guidelines for inclusion in a toxicity database and in the application of plant essential oils in various fields.