• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.50-61
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• 2021

Objectives: The object of this study was to examine whether there was a significant difference between morning and afternoon in heart rate variability(HRV) in healthy Korean adults. In addition, the correlation between the characteristics of the subjects and the test results was analyzed. Methods: From January 8, 2021 to January 29, 2021, twenty healthy subjects received short-term HRV test once in the morning(6:00~12:00) and twice in the afternoon(12:00~18:00). We used IBM SPSS Statistics 27 to test for statistical significance. Results: The mean heart rate and PSI decreased significantly and SDNN increased significantly in the morning compared to the afternoon. There was no significant difference except RMSSD in HRV conducted at 2 hours intervals in the afternoon. Age had a significant difference in SDNN and TP, and exercise in average heart rate. Age, weekly exercise frequency, and monthly drinking frequency showed significant correlations with HRV indicators. As a result of multiple regression analysis, monthly drinking frequency was a variable that had a significant influence on TP. Conclusions: The results of the tests performed with short interval were relatively consistent, and when comparing the results of the afternoon and the next morning, there were significant differences in several indicators. In the future, the number of HRV measurements should be increased and a larger-scale follow-up study including more subjects will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 2022

This study aimed to prepare basic data for protecting the habitat of Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha and coping with climate change by detecting songs with bio-acoustic recording technology and identifying phenological characteristics in protected areas in Korea. The study sites were 36 protected areas nationwide. Data were collected between January and December 2019, and the analysis period was from May 1 to August 31, 2019. The main results are described as follows. Firstly, songs were detected in 22 out of 36 study sites. Frequency analysis results of songs show that high frequency was observed in southern inland, including Jeju island, and the area with the highest latitude was Seoraksan National Park. Secondly, the first song was observed in Hallyeohaesang National Park Geumsan on May 14, 2019, and the last song was observed in Ungok wetland in Gochang on August 6, 2019. Thirdly, circadian rhythm analysis results of songs show that the frequency rapidly increased at five o'clock in the morning, peaked at six o'clock, and then decreased afterward. Fourthly, seasonal cycle analysis results of songs show that they were observed from May 14, 2019 to August 6, and the day with the highest accumulated frequency of songs was June 3, 2019 (Julian date: 154). The average temperature of the day the songs were detected was 17.4℃, the average precipitation was 0.02mm, and the average humidity was 82.6%. Fifthly, a correlation analysis result between Fairy Pitta's songs and meteorological factors shows that temperature indicated a negative correlation with Fairy Pitta's songs (p<0.001), but precipitation (p=0.053) and humidity (p=0.077) did not indicate a statistical significance (df=471). This study is significant in that it confirmed the distribution of Fairy Pitta's songs using bio-acoustic recording technology in protected areas nationwide and identified their ecological characteristics by precisely analyzing the relationship between the song period and meteorological factors.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.341-355
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to check the therapeutic effect of the Dendropanax morbifera Pharmacopuncture for insomnia and cognition caused by psychosocial stress. Methods: We separated Wistar rats (older than age 10 weeks, 300 g) into normal, control, positive control (Zolpidem administered, PC), and Dendropanax morbifera Pharmacopuncture experimental groups (DPA). Psychosocial stress such as circadian rhythm change, clammy straw, predator stress, restraint stress, noise bursts, and flashing lights were applied to the control, PC, DPA groups. The Dendropanax morbifera Pharmacopuncture group was given 0.5×, 1× and 2× amount concentration of Dendropanax morbifera Pharmacopuncture, respectively. The levels of Melatonin, Serotonin, Corticosterone, GABA, BDNF and CREB were measured, and the Y-maze test, weight and blood test were performed. Results: In all of the DPA groups, the Melatonin level showed no noticeable difference. In the DPA-2x group, Serotonin increased significantly. In all the experimental groups, Corticosterone decreased significantly and GABA showed increasing tendency. The DPA-1x and DPA-2x groups showed remarkable increase in BDNF and DPA-0.5x and the DPA-2x groups showed significant increase in CREB. The DPA-2x group showed remarkable increase in the Alternation behavior category of the Y-maze test. In all of the experimental groups the weight change showed increasing tendency, whereas no noticeable differences were found among all experimental groups regarding AST, ALT, BUN, Creatinine and CBC. Conclusions: Dendropanax morbifera Pharmacopuncture increases levels of serotonin and GABA, decreases corticosterone, increases levels of BDNF and CREB, and increases the ratio of alternation behavior in the Y-maze test. Thus, I suggest that Dendropanax morbifera Pharmacopuncture has the effect of treating insomnia caused by psychosocial stress, activating the brain, and improving cognition.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.128-141
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• 1985

To investigate the influence of phenobarbital sodium on the action of morphine and on the diurnal rhythms of both opiate receptor binding and ${\beta}-endorphin$ contents, the amount of specifically bound $(^3H)$-morphine and immunoreactive ${\beta}-endorphin$ were measured in the midbrain of phenobarbital-treated rats at 4h intervals in a day. Rats were housed and adapted to a controlled cycle of either 12 h light-12 h dark or 24 h constant dark. After 3 weeks of adaptation, 0.5 ml of physiological saline or phenobarbital sodium (20mg/kg/day, i.p.) were administered twice a day for 2 weeks. Highly significant diurnal rhythms of opiate receptor binding and ${\beta}-endorphin$ were present in rat midbrain. In control group, the peak of maximum $(^3H)$-morphine binding was observed at 22:00 h, whereas the peak of ${\beta}-endorphin$ content was found at 06:00 h. Even in the absence of time cues these diurnal rhythms persisted, but they were highly modified with respect to the wave form as well as differences in the timing of peak and nadir. In the phenobarbital-treated group, these diurnal rhythms were also modified in shape, phase and amplitude, as well as in timing of peak and nadir. In this group, 24 h mean of opiate receptor binding was significantly decreased, while the 24 h mean level of ${\beta}-endorphin$ content was highly increased. However, Kd values in all experimental groups did not change. This indicates that differences in binding were not due to changes in the affinity, but in the number of binding sites. Statistical analysis of regression line indicates that changes of receptor binding were closely correlated with the changes of ${\beta}-endorphin$ content. These results suggest that phenobarbital may influence the action of morphine by changing the number of opiate receptors and that the modification of diurnal rhythm of opiate receptor by the agent is possibly due to changes of ${\beta}-endorphin$ content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.966-975
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• 2015

Heat production in ruminants follows a diurnal pattern over the course of a day peaking 3 hours following afternoon feeding and then gradually declining to its lowest point prior to morning feeding. In order to clarify the cooling period most effective in reducing decreases in feed intake and milk production, experiments were carried out based on the diurnal rhythm of heat production and heat dissipation. In experiment 1, the effects of hot environment on milk production were investigated. The animals were kept first in a thermoneutral environment ($20.0^{\circ}C$, 80.0%) for 12 days, they were then transitioned to a hot environment ($32^{\circ}C$, 80.0%) for 13 days before being returned to second thermoneutral environment for a further 12 days. In experiment 2, the effectiveness of daytime cooling or nighttime cooling for improving milk production in hot environment was compared. While ten lactating Japanese Saanen goats (aged 2 years, weighing 41.0 kg) during early lactation were used in experiment 1, ten lactating goats (aged 2 years, weighing 47.5 kg) during mid-lactation were used in experiment 2. The animals were fed 300 g of concentrated feed and excessive amounts of crushed alfalfa hay cubes twice daily. Water was given ad libitum. The animals were milked twice daily. When exposed to a hot environment, milk yield and composition decreased significantly (p<0.05). Milk yield in the hot environment did not change with daytime cooling, but tended to increase with nighttime cooling. Compared to the daytime cooling, milk components percentages in the nighttime cooling were not significantly different but the milk components yields in the nighttime cooling were significantly higher (p<0.05). The results indicate that nighttime cooling is more effective than daytime cooling in the reduction of milk production declines in lactating goats exposed to a hot environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.682-692
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• 2007

This study presents an automatic system to predict parturition time in the crated sows. The system relies on ultrasonic transducers mounted from above along the length of the crate. Using a 40 kHz time of flight (TOF) single envelope wave, the momentary distances between the sensors are measured. Therefore, the local momentary height of the sow and the momentary posture, i.e. standing posture (SDP), kneeling posture (KP), sitting posture (STP) and lateral lying posture (LLP) are determined. Crated sows change their postures from standing to lying and vice versa which follows a characteristic pattern. As parturition approaches, sows exhibit uneasiness, restlessness and the stand up sequence (SUS, the posture transition from LLP to SDP) rate increases because of labor pains. In time series, the SUS rate demonstrates a peak and it happens approximately 0-12 h before parturition. In this paper, the basic parturition threshold value method (BPTVM) and the same hour method (SHM) are proposed for predicting parturition, both of which are based on the SUS rate. The BPTVM mainly detects the peak of the SUS rate. As the SUS rate exceeds the threshold value, the parturition becomes predictable. Moreover, the SHM calculates the difference in the SUS rates between a particular time of day and the corresponding time of the preceding day. Compared to the BPTVM, the SHM can eliminate the circadian rhythm of the SUS rate influenced by feeding behavior. Using the SHM the parturition can be approximately predicted within hours. In an attempt to define the threshold parameters of predicting parturition, a data set with 32 sows of the SUS rate are used to estimate assumable predicting probability. The results show the assumable probability of the parturition prediction within 9 h is 96.9% for the SHM and 84.4% for the BPTVM. Moreover, the SHM can even reach a 75% probability of prediction within three hours of parturition. We conclude that the SHM is more accurate and is more useful for parturition time prediction. When parturition is detected, the proposed algorithm generates a warning signal which can inform human personnel to protect the mother and newborn piglets.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.31
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• pp.7-24
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• 2012

In this study a practical guarding work is carried out for 180 minutes as the same as the actual guarding work that is done by nine students of the department of security services in K University in order to investigate changes in circadian rhythms during long hour guarding in bodyguards at practical sites. In the results of the tests of the heart rate variation and autonomic nervous system with the interval of 30 minutes using HRV (Heart rate variability), there are no significant differences in HRV and SDNN and that leads to maintain it stably during the guarding work for 180 minutes. In the case of TP which reflects the overall activity level in the autonomic nervous system, it shows a high significant difference (p<.05) at 90 and 120 minutes compared to that of normal states. Also, it shows a significant decrease in the level after a lapse of 120 minutes and that shows a decrease in the activity of the autonomic nervous system for the guarding work more than 120 minutes. Although differences in VLF, LF, and HF are not significant levels, these are influenced on the change in TP. The LH/HF ratio that represents the balance between the sympathetic nerve and the parasympathetic nerve shows a significant high level (p<.05) after a lapse of 30 minutes. Thus, it is considered that the concentration of the guarding work after a lapse of 120 minutes is decreased and there are some tensions and excitations after a lapse of 30 minutes since the beginning of the guarding work.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.2 s.63
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• pp.71-77
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• 1985

The male activity in Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) measured by an activity recording device in New York had two distinct peaks, the first peak at lights-off and the second one at ligts-on signal, under the defined conditions of temperature above $23^{\circ}C$ and light:dark (LD) 16:8 regime. The activity initiation of the first activity was observed four to six hours prior to the onset of scotophase and seened to be entraind by lights-off cue. Under the continuous photophase (LL) the activity period freeran with a period slightly greater than 24 hours, indicating that the rhythmicity is circadian The activity pattern was measured in eight different temperature conditions ranging from $11.3^{\circ}\;to\;30^{\circ}C$ under LD 16:8 regime. No activity was observed at $11.3^{\circ}C$ which seems to be temperature threshold for activity. The second peak of activity at lights-on signal disappeared at the temperature below $20^{\circ}C$ and the activity in scotophase was also suppressed at the temperature lower than $18^{\circ}C$. At the temperature range from $20^{\circ}\;to\;30^{\circ}C$, as temperature increased the second peak in the morning became larger and the activty in the scotophase was also increased. Because of the activity increase in the scotophase with rising temperature, the mean time of activity shifted towards the scotophase. The shift of the moth male activity period with the change of ambient temperature appears to be due to the suppression of activity under cool temperature (below $20^{\circ}C$) in scotophase.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.825-832
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• 2020

The detection of estrus is very important for the successful reproductive efficiency of cattle. This has prompted the development of electronic estrus detection techniques by using the characterization of estrus behavior. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in physical activity, mounting behavior and vocalization during estrus in Hanwoo (Korean native cattle). Bio-telemetry devices were attached to 4 multiparous Hanwoo and physical activity was compared, namely mounting behavior and vocalization for 6 days (from 2 days before the day of estrus to 3 days after the day of estrus). Physical activity rapidly increased on the day of estrus (p<0.001) and was frequently observed at night time. Mounting behavior gradually increased, starting from 2 days before the day of estrus and reached its highest level on the day of estrus (p<0.01). The circadian rhythm showed irregularities during this entire period (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in vocalization during the experiment period (p>0.05). In conclusion, we assumed that mounting behavior is an early indicator to detect estrus in Hanwoo and if both mounting behavior and physical activity are considered together it would be possible to detect estrus with a higher probability. Further studies with more information from different sources regarding the measuring of estrus in Hanwoo are needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.119-133
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• 1997

Continuing shift service of clinical nurses can be not only the cause of occupational dissatisfaction by being connected with the change of circadian rhythm and the burden of duties to be applicable to such changes. But also of inviting the lowering of nursing quality by being affected to the resignation of the nurses as the threat to the health of the nurses. This study has selected 500 nurses at random under non-probability sampling who have been serving by shift in 7 general hospitals which have over 400 sickbeds for the purpose of cross-sectional survey design from Sep. 7 through 20, 1996. Standardized modification of the CMI has been used which was designed for Koreans with Cornell Medical Index developed by Broadman and his fellow workers as the study device. The structure of the device was composed of 35 questions on physical appeal(Chronbach's ${\alpha}=8507$) and 22 questions of mental appeal(Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.8166$ totalling 57 questions. The collected data has been computerrized by using SPSS. General character, present symptom, perceived symptom and others are sought by practical number and percentage, and the health condition comparison followed by general characters was conducted by t-test and ANOVA. The post test was by Duncan's test by the level of p<.05. 1) The items of the answer that they have the physical symptom presently by 50% or over of the nurses were as "Do you often have spells of severe dizziness", "Are your eyes often red or inflamed", "Does press or pain in the head often make like miserable", "Are your ankles often badly swollen", "Do pains in the back make it hard for you to keep up with your work". 2) The items of the answer by over 50% of the nurses as the mental symptom at present were "do you fell bad when criticized?", "Do you get angry when everything is against your will?", "do you get angry when ordered to do this and that?", "do you feel uneasy by such a trifle thing?", "do you tremble or are you freightened by sudden sound?". The mental and physical symptoms which have appeared presently in connection with the shift service have been agreed with each other. But the physical condition has been worse than the mental one. 3) In the physical health conditions followed by demosociological character, there were the significant differences by sex, religion and place of residence(p<.05), and in the mental health conditions, there were the significant differences by age, marital status, residence place and the required time for attending hospital(p<.05). 4) There was significant difference by the degree of satisfaction about the duty in both the physical and mental health conditions. In short, the higher the degree of duty satisfaction, the better the health conditions. 5) There were the significant difference according to the times of night duty and whether they take the drug or not or the kinds of the drugs in the physical health conditions related with the characters of night shift. Mental health conditions in the night shift case showed significant differences according to their taking drug or not or the kinds of the drugs(p<.05). I can confirm that the nurses have been affected continuously by the shift service mentally and physically. The maintenance of the physical and mental health of the nurses and its promotion are very important problem to guarantee the quality nursing in the performance of the nursing service continuously and effectively, so the hospital should make every effort to improve the duty conditions by finding out the causes affecting to their health. In the nursing management viewpoint, I think that elevating the satisfaction degree about the duty would be a great help to the promotion of physical and mental health conditions. But what is most important is that the nurses themselves should take care of themselves in maintaining the good conditions in their service in the hospital.