• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제84권6호
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• pp.831-849
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• 2022

One of the most prevalent causes of reinforced concrete (RC) structural deterioration is chloride-induced corrosion. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the environmental effect of RC's chloride ingress process. The first step is to investigate how relative humidity, temperature, and wind influence chloride ingress into concrete. The probability of initiation time of chloride-induced corrosion is predicted using a probabilistic model that considers these aspects. Parametric analysis is conducted on several factors impacting the corrosion process, including the depth of concrete cover, surface chloride concentration, relative humidity, and temperature to expose environmental features. According to the findings, environmental factors such as surface chloride concentration, relative humidity and temperature substantially impact on the time to corrosion initiation. The long- and short-distance impacts are also examined. The meteorological data from the National Meteorological Center of China are collected and used to analyze the environmental characteristics of the chloride ingress issue for structures along China's coastline. Finally, various recommendations are made for improving durability design against chloride attacks.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.183-198
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• 2015

Chloride ingress implies a complex interaction between physical and chemical process, in which heat, moisture and chloride ions transport through concrete cover. Meanwhile, reinforced concrete structure itself undergoes evolution due to variation in temperature, relative humidity and creep effects, which can potentially change the deformation and trigger some micro-cracks in concrete. In addition, all of these process show time-dependent performance with complex interaction between structures and environments. In the present work, a time-dependent behavior of chloride transport in reinforced concrete beam subjected to flexural load is proposed based on the well-known section fiber model. The strain state varies because of stress redistribution caused by the interaction between environment and structure, mainly dominated by thermal stresses and shrinkage stress and creep. Finally, in order to clear the influence of strain state on the chloride diffusivity, experiment test were carried out and a power function used to describe this influence is proposed.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.185-196
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• 2017

Durability problems initiated from steel corrosion are unseen but critical issues, so that many researches are focused on chloride penetration evaluation. Even if RC (Reinforced Concrete) structures are exposed to normal environment, chloride ingress varies with concrete surface conditions and exposed period. This paper presents an analysis technique for chloride behavior evaluation considering time effect on diffusion and surface conditions assumed as double-layered system. For evaluation of deteriorated surface condition, field investigation was performed for concrete pavement exposed to deicing agent for 18 years. In order to consider enhanced surface concrete, chloride profiles in surface-impregnated concretes exposed to chloride attack for 2 years from previous research were investigated. Through reverse analysis, effectively deteriorated/enhanced depth of surface and the related reduced/enlarged diffusion coefficient in the depth are simulated. The proposed analysis technique was evaluated to handle the chloride behavior more accurately considering changes of chloride ingress within surface layer and decreased diffusion coefficient with time. For the concrete surface exposed to deicing agent, the deteriorated depth and enlarged diffusion coefficient are evaluated to be 12.5~15.0 mm and 200% increasing diffusion coefficient, respectively. The results in concrete containing enhanced cover show 10.0~12.5 mm of impregnated depth and 85% reduction of chloride diffusion in tidal and submerged conditions.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.325-343
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• 2005

Chloride ingress is a common cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete located in coastal zone. Modeling the chloride ingress is an important basis for designing reinforced concrete structures and for assessing the reliability of an existing structure. The modeling is also needed for predicting the deterioration of a reinforced structure. The existing deterministic solution for prediction model of corrosion initiation cannot reflect uncertainties which input variables have. This paper presents an approach to the fuzzy arithmetic based modeling of the chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures that takes into account the uncertainties in the physical models of chloride penetration into concrete and corrosion of steel reinforcement, as well as the uncertainties in the governing parameters, including concrete diffusivity, concrete cover depth, surface chloride concentration and critical chloride level for corrosion initiation. There are a lot of prediction model for predicting the time of reinforcement corrosion of structures exposed to chloride-induced corrosion environment. In this work, RILEM model formula and Crank's solution of Fick's second law of diffusion is used. The parameters of the models are regarded as fuzzy numbers with proper membership function adapted to statistical data of the governing parameters instead of random variables of probabilistic modeling of Monte Carlo Simulation and the fuzziness of the time to corrosion initiation is determined by the fuzzy arithmetic of interval arithmetic and extension principle. An analysis is implemented by comparing deterministic calculation with fuzzy arithmetic for above two prediction models.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 봄학술 발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.249-252
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• 2005

Chloride ingress is a common cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Modeling the chloride ingress is an important basis for designing reinforced concrete structures and for assessing the reliability of an existing structure. The modelling is also needed for predicting the deterioration of a reinforced structure. This paper presents an approach for the probabilistic modeling of the chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement steel in concrete structures that takes into account the uncertainties in the physical models. The parameters of the models are modeled as random variables and the distribution of the corrosion time and probability of corrosion are determined by using Monte Carlo simulation. The predictions of the proposed model is very effective to do the decision-making about initiation time and deterioration degree.

• Architectural research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2018

To improve the chloride ingress resistance of concrete, slag is widely used as a mineral admixture in concrete industry. And currently, most of experimental investigations about non steady state diffusion tests of chloride penetration are started after four weeks standard curing of concrete. For slag blended concrete, during submerged chloride penetration tests periods, binder reaction proceeds continuously, and chloride diffusivity decreases. However, so far the dependence of chloride ingress on curing ages are not detailed considered. To address this disadvantage, this paper shows a numerical procedure to analyze simultaneously binder hydration reactions and chloride ion penetration process. First, using a slag blended cement hydration model, degree of reactions of binders, combined water, and capillary porosity of hardening blended concrete are determined. Second, the dependences of chloride diffusivity on capillary porosity of slag blended concrete are clarified. Third, by considering time dependent chloride diffusivity and surface chloride content, chloride penetration profiles in hardening concrete are calculated. The proposed prediction model is verified through chloride immersion penetration test results of concrete with different water to binder ratios and slag contents.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.679-686
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• 2005

해양에 건설되는 철근콘크리트 구조물은 외부의 염화물 확산에 의한 철근부식이 구조물의 내구성과 관련하여 가장 큰 성능저하 요인이 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 각종 혼화재를 사용한 콘크리트의 장기염수침지시험에 의해 혼화재 종류, 치환율 및 양생기간이 콘크리트의 염화물 확산에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 무기질 혼화재를 사용한 콘크리트의 염화물 침투깊이와 염화물 확산계수는 혼화재 치환율이 증가할수록 감소되어, 무기질 혼화재는 염화물 침투저항성 개선에 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며, 염화물 확산계수 저감에는 W/B의 저감보다는 사용 혼화재의 종류 및 치환율의 선정이 더 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 염화물 구속능은 MK>Plain>SF>BS>FA의 순으로, Meta-Kaolin이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 모든 배합에서 염화물 확산은 양생기간의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으나, 장기재령으로 갈수록 그 영향은 감소하였다. 따라서, 염해 측면에서 양생재령 7알 이후의 거푸집 탈형 시기는 크게 고려하지 않아도 좋을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.548-555
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 동절기 교통안전을 위해 교량 구조물에 사용되는 제설제에 의한 염화물 침투 특성을 조사하여 사용수명을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 이 연구에서는 준공 후 공용기간이 약 10년이 경과한 10개 교량의 지점에서 깊이별 염화물 농도 분포를 조사하여 제설제에 의한 염해를 예측하기 위한 표면 염화물 농도와 확산계수를 도출하였다. 얻어진 정보를 바탕으로 Life-365 프로그램을 이용하여 각 지점의 사용수명을 평가하였다. 대상 교량의 사용수명 평가 결과 10개 지점 모두 100년 이상의 사용수명을 가질 것으로 판단되었다. 추가적으로 콘크리트의 배합에 기인한 확산계수를 구하여 제설제에 의한 염해와 해수에 의한 염해의 경우에 대해 확산특성을 비교 분석하고 사용수명을 평가하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2022

염화물은 철근 콘크리트 구조물의 주요 열화 요인 중 하나로 철근 부식을 발생시켜 구조물의 성능을 저하시킨다. 염해에 의한 철근 콘크리트 구조물의 열화정도 또는 철근 부식 개시 시기를 확인하기 위해서는 철근 깊이에서의 염화물 농도 또는 콘크리트 내에서 염화물 침투 속도를 확인할 필요가 있다. 일반적인 콘크리트내 염화물 침투를 확인할 수 있는 방법으로는 염화물 침투 깊이별로 전위차 적정법과 같은 방법으로 염화물 농도를 측정하는 염화물 프로파일링 방법이나 질산은 용액을 이용하여 콘크리트의 변색된 범위를 다지점 측정하여 침투 깊이를 측정하는 방법이 대표적이다. 전자의 경우에는 정확하게 염화물 농도를 직접 측정하기 때문에 염화물 침투 속도 (일반적으로 확산계수)를 정확하게 예측할 수 있는 장점이 있지만, 작업이 번거롭다는 단점이 있다. 후자는 질산은 용액과의 반응에 따른 변색 범위를 측정하여 염화물 침투 깊이를 산정하는 것이기 때문에 간편하고 결과의 신뢰성도 확보할 수 있는 장점이 있지만, 침투 깊이를 산정하는데 있어서 작업자의 숙련도에 따라 오류가 발생할 수 있는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 변색법에 의해 얻어진 결과를 이미지 분석을 통해 콘크리트 내의 염화물 침투 깊이를 분석하였다. 이를 통해 작업자에 의해 발생될 수 있는 오류를 최소화할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 콘크리트의 미세 균열이 염화물 침투에 미치는 영향에 대해서도 확인하였다. 이미지 분석을 통해 염화물 침투 깊이를 정량화한 결과 염화물은 미세균열부를 통해 빠른 속도로 염화물 침투가 발생한다는 것을 확인 하였기 때문에, 콘크리트 구조물에서는 특히 균열 발생에 주의가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.305-320
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• 2018

The second half of the 20th century was marked with a significant raise in amount of railway bridges in Austria made of reinforced concrete. Today, many of these bridges are slowly approaching the end of their envisaged service life. Current methodology of assessment and evaluation of structural condition is based on visual inspections, which, due to its subjectivity, can lead to delayed interventions, irreparable damages and additional costs. Thus, to support engineers in the process of structural evaluation and prediction of the remaining service life, the Austrian Federal Railways (${\ddot{O}}$ BB) commissioned the formation of a concept for an anticipatory life cycle management of engineering structures. The part concerning concrete bridges consisted of forming a bridge management system (BMS) in a form of a web-based analysis tool, known as the LeCIE_tool. Contrary to most BMSs, where prediction of a condition is based on Markovian models, in the LeCIE_tool, the time-dependent deterioration mechanisms of chloride- and carbonation-induced corrosion are used as the most common deterioration processes in transportation infrastructure. Hence, the main aim of this article is to describe the background of the introduced tool, with a discussion on exposure classes and crucial parameters of chloride ingress and carbonation models. Moreover, the article presents a verification of the generated analysis tool through service life prediction on a dozen of bridges of the Austrian railway network, as well as a case study with a more detailed description and implementation of the concept applied.