• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.199-213
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• 2017

Chloride penetration is among the main causes of corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete (RC) structures producing premature degradations. Weather and exposure conditions directly affect chloride ingress mechanisms and therefore the operational service life and safety of RC structures. Consequently, comprehensive chloride ingress models are useful tools to estimate corrosion initiation risks and minimize maintenance costs for RC structures placed under chloride-contaminated environments. This paper first presents a coupled thermo-hydro-chemical model for predicting chloride penetration into concrete that accounts for realistic weather conditions. This complete numerical model takes into account multiple factors affecting chloride ingress such as diffusion, convection, chloride binding, ionic interaction, and concrete aging. Since the complete model could be computationally expensive for long-term assessment, this study also proposes model simplifications in order to reduce the computational cost. Long-term chloride assessments of complete and reduced models are compared for three locations in France (Brest, Strasbourg and Nice) characterized by different weather and exposure conditions (tidal zone, de-icing salts and salt spray). The comparative study indicates that the reduced model is computationally efficient and accurate for long-term chloride ingress modeling in comparison to the complete one. Given that long-term assessment requires larger climate databases, this research also studies how climate models may affect chloride ingress assessment. The results indicate that the selection of climate models as well as the considered training periods introduce significant errors for mid- and long- term chloride ingress assessment.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제84권6호
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• pp.831-849
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• 2022

One of the most prevalent causes of reinforced concrete (RC) structural deterioration is chloride-induced corrosion. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the environmental effect of RC's chloride ingress process. The first step is to investigate how relative humidity, temperature, and wind influence chloride ingress into concrete. The probability of initiation time of chloride-induced corrosion is predicted using a probabilistic model that considers these aspects. Parametric analysis is conducted on several factors impacting the corrosion process, including the depth of concrete cover, surface chloride concentration, relative humidity, and temperature to expose environmental features. According to the findings, environmental factors such as surface chloride concentration, relative humidity and temperature substantially impact on the time to corrosion initiation. The long- and short-distance impacts are also examined. The meteorological data from the National Meteorological Center of China are collected and used to analyze the environmental characteristics of the chloride ingress issue for structures along China's coastline. Finally, various recommendations are made for improving durability design against chloride attacks.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.731-736
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• 2002

The degradation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to physical and chemical attacks has been a major issue in construction engineering. Deterioration of RC structures due to chloride attack followed by reinforcement corrosion is one of the serious problems. The objective of this study is to develop a form of mathematical model of chloride ingress into concrete. In order to overcome some limits of the previous approaches, a mathematical model of chloride ingress into concrete consisting of chloride solution intrusion through the capillary pore and chloride ion diffusion through the pore water was proposed. Moreover, the variability of diffusivity of chloride ion due to degree of hydration of concrete, relative humidity in pore, exposure condition, and variation of chloride binding was considered in the chloride ingress model.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.183-198
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• 2015

Chloride ingress implies a complex interaction between physical and chemical process, in which heat, moisture and chloride ions transport through concrete cover. Meanwhile, reinforced concrete structure itself undergoes evolution due to variation in temperature, relative humidity and creep effects, which can potentially change the deformation and trigger some micro-cracks in concrete. In addition, all of these process show time-dependent performance with complex interaction between structures and environments. In the present work, a time-dependent behavior of chloride transport in reinforced concrete beam subjected to flexural load is proposed based on the well-known section fiber model. The strain state varies because of stress redistribution caused by the interaction between environment and structure, mainly dominated by thermal stresses and shrinkage stress and creep. Finally, in order to clear the influence of strain state on the chloride diffusivity, experiment test were carried out and a power function used to describe this influence is proposed.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.185-196
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• 2017

Durability problems initiated from steel corrosion are unseen but critical issues, so that many researches are focused on chloride penetration evaluation. Even if RC (Reinforced Concrete) structures are exposed to normal environment, chloride ingress varies with concrete surface conditions and exposed period. This paper presents an analysis technique for chloride behavior evaluation considering time effect on diffusion and surface conditions assumed as double-layered system. For evaluation of deteriorated surface condition, field investigation was performed for concrete pavement exposed to deicing agent for 18 years. In order to consider enhanced surface concrete, chloride profiles in surface-impregnated concretes exposed to chloride attack for 2 years from previous research were investigated. Through reverse analysis, effectively deteriorated/enhanced depth of surface and the related reduced/enlarged diffusion coefficient in the depth are simulated. The proposed analysis technique was evaluated to handle the chloride behavior more accurately considering changes of chloride ingress within surface layer and decreased diffusion coefficient with time. For the concrete surface exposed to deicing agent, the deteriorated depth and enlarged diffusion coefficient are evaluated to be 12.5~15.0 mm and 200% increasing diffusion coefficient, respectively. The results in concrete containing enhanced cover show 10.0~12.5 mm of impregnated depth and 85% reduction of chloride diffusion in tidal and submerged conditions.

• Architectural research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2018

To improve the chloride ingress resistance of concrete, slag is widely used as a mineral admixture in concrete industry. And currently, most of experimental investigations about non steady state diffusion tests of chloride penetration are started after four weeks standard curing of concrete. For slag blended concrete, during submerged chloride penetration tests periods, binder reaction proceeds continuously, and chloride diffusivity decreases. However, so far the dependence of chloride ingress on curing ages are not detailed considered. To address this disadvantage, this paper shows a numerical procedure to analyze simultaneously binder hydration reactions and chloride ion penetration process. First, using a slag blended cement hydration model, degree of reactions of binders, combined water, and capillary porosity of hardening blended concrete are determined. Second, the dependences of chloride diffusivity on capillary porosity of slag blended concrete are clarified. Third, by considering time dependent chloride diffusivity and surface chloride content, chloride penetration profiles in hardening concrete are calculated. The proposed prediction model is verified through chloride immersion penetration test results of concrete with different water to binder ratios and slag contents.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2003년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.66-69
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• 2003

Chloride ingress into concrete followed by reinforcement corrosion and deterioration of concrete structures is a major problem for many structures under chloride attacks. It is necessary to investigate the environmental conditions of concrete structures exposed to chloride attacks. In this study, the air-borne chloride contents in domestic marine environment were investigated.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.325-343
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• 2005

Chloride ingress is a common cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete located in coastal zone. Modeling the chloride ingress is an important basis for designing reinforced concrete structures and for assessing the reliability of an existing structure. The modeling is also needed for predicting the deterioration of a reinforced structure. The existing deterministic solution for prediction model of corrosion initiation cannot reflect uncertainties which input variables have. This paper presents an approach to the fuzzy arithmetic based modeling of the chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures that takes into account the uncertainties in the physical models of chloride penetration into concrete and corrosion of steel reinforcement, as well as the uncertainties in the governing parameters, including concrete diffusivity, concrete cover depth, surface chloride concentration and critical chloride level for corrosion initiation. There are a lot of prediction model for predicting the time of reinforcement corrosion of structures exposed to chloride-induced corrosion environment. In this work, RILEM model formula and Crank's solution of Fick's second law of diffusion is used. The parameters of the models are regarded as fuzzy numbers with proper membership function adapted to statistical data of the governing parameters instead of random variables of probabilistic modeling of Monte Carlo Simulation and the fuzziness of the time to corrosion initiation is determined by the fuzzy arithmetic of interval arithmetic and extension principle. An analysis is implemented by comparing deterministic calculation with fuzzy arithmetic for above two prediction models.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.548-555
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 동절기 교통안전을 위해 교량 구조물에 사용되는 제설제에 의한 염화물 침투 특성을 조사하여 사용수명을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 이 연구에서는 준공 후 공용기간이 약 10년이 경과한 10개 교량의 지점에서 깊이별 염화물 농도 분포를 조사하여 제설제에 의한 염해를 예측하기 위한 표면 염화물 농도와 확산계수를 도출하였다. 얻어진 정보를 바탕으로 Life-365 프로그램을 이용하여 각 지점의 사용수명을 평가하였다. 대상 교량의 사용수명 평가 결과 10개 지점 모두 100년 이상의 사용수명을 가질 것으로 판단되었다. 추가적으로 콘크리트의 배합에 기인한 확산계수를 구하여 제설제에 의한 염해와 해수에 의한 염해의 경우에 대해 확산특성을 비교 분석하고 사용수명을 평가하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2003

최근 들어 물리 화학적 침해로 인한 RC 구조물의 열화에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있는 실정이다. RC 구조물의 성능을 저하시키는 여러 가지 요인 중에서 특히 염소이온 침투로 인한 콘크리트내의 철근 부식이 가장 심각한 문제로 인식되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 콘크리트내의 염소이온 침투에 대한 수학적 모델을 제안하였다. 기존의 모델을 개선하기 위해 콘크리트 내부로 염소이온 침투에 대한 모델을 염수의 침투와 공극수를 통한 염소이온 확산항으로 구성하였다. 또한, 수화도, 상대습도, 온도, 염소이온 구속도에 따른 확산계수의 변동성을 염소이온 침투 모델에 고려하였다. 제안한 모델의 검증을 위하여 염소이온 침투 현상 해석 프로그램인 Life-365와의 해석 결과와 비교하였으며, 다양한 예제의 해석 결과를 비교 분석함으로써 염소이온 침투현상에 미치는 주요 인자의 영향과 제안된 모델의 적용성을 검토하였다. 향후 제안한 염소이온 침투 모델을 적용하여 RC 구조물의 사용수명 혹은 잔존수명을 예측하여 이를 RC 구조물의 내구성 설계와 유지관리에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.