• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2004

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of practical variations in feed restriction, pre-slaughter handing and chilling regime on pork quality during ageing. A total of twenty male landraces were allocated into three treatments(i.e., pre-slaughter feeding, stress and chilling regime) in a factorial arrangement. pH, temperature, free calcium ions, WB-shear force, sarcomere length, cooking loss, drip loss and objective color were determined during rigor development and/or 1, 3, 7 d postmortem. Pre-slaughter chasing stress for approximately 15 min had no effects on pH/temperature profile and objective meat quality. There was an interaction(P < 0.05) between the fasting treatment and chi1ling regime for muscle temperature at pH 6.2. Sarcomere length indicated that the current experiment conditions did not induce muscle shortening, with 1.7 to 1.8 ${\mu}m$, in spite of a significant effect of the fasting treatment (P<0.01). Pigs fed until the morning of slaughter showed a low WB-shear force(P < 0.05) until 3 d at I "C. The treatment also resulted in a higher Hunter L* and a*(P < 0.05) at 24 h and 7 d. Fasted pigs showed a significantly(P < 0.05) reduced cooking loss. The current results indicated that feeding upon the morning of slaughter became detrimental on meat color and the negative effect on cooking loss were linearly elevated with increased ageing time. On the other hand, WB-shear force did not distinguishable after 3 d. Collectively, it appeared that feed restriction from a day before slaughter could produce more a desirable meat quality at the time of consuming. However, the limited effect of animal handling and chilling rate on meat quality is not necessarily to extend to that these do not affect pork quality, as that largely depends on experimental design.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.429-444
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• 1991

Cold stress influence plant growth through a wide range of growth characters. Adverse effects of low temperature to plant growth come from results of colligative and complex physiological responses to cold stress. To evaluate more exactly cold tolerance of crop plant, it is needed to observe physiological changes induced by cold stress and to analyze relationships between intraspecific variations in physiological factors related to cold tolerance and the extent of cold tolerance in the field. Therefore, the composition and unsaturation ratio of fatty acids in phospholipid, a constituent of membrane, the transition-temperature in respiratory activity of mitochodria, the chlorophyll fluorescence as a factor related to photosynthesis were investigated in rice plant and data on these factors were compared with the degree of cold tolerance obtained in the field experiment. Also, effects of hardening and Mn++ treatment were evaluated as a method to reduce chilling injuries. The unsaturation ratio of fatty acids, whether rice plants were grown in a natural condition or under the chilling stress, was higher in the cold- tolerant varieties and was significantly correlated with the degree of cold tolerance (1-9) observed in the field experiment. And it was also increased by chilling treatment or hardening treatment, due to a reduction in palmitic acid content and an increase in linolenic acid content. The transition-temperature of respiratory activity of mitochodria isolated from etiolated rice seedlings ($25^{\circ}C$, two week-grown in the dark), was correlated with the degree of cold tolerance in the field, cold -tolerant varieties showing a lower transition-temperature. It was not influenced by growth stages. The intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence was highly correlated with the degree of cold tolerance, cold-tolerant varieties having a higher fluorescence intensity. By foliar application of Mn, the transition-temperature of respiratory activity was lowered as much as 0-2$^{\circ}C$ in all tested varieties. Soil application of Mn induced more significant effect in cold-susceptible varieties with a possibility of reducing chilling injuries. On the whole, there were high correlationships among the degree of cold tolerance, the unsaturation ratio of fatty acids in phospholipid, the transition- temperature of respiratory activity and chlorophyll fluorescence except for a few varieties. The transition- temperature of respiratory activity appeared to be negatively correlated with the unsaturation ratio of fatty acids. and the chlorophyll fluorescence to be positively correlated with the unsaturation ratio. This implies that these physical and physiological factors were very closely related to cold tolerance and can be used as an effective index of the evaluation of cold tolerance of crop plant. But other factors as well as three factors discussed above are needed to be considered colligatively and altogether with a systematic analysis for the more exact evaluation of cold tolerance. in rice cultivars. in rice cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.252-269
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• 2017

This study was carried out to examine the base temperature to flowering and the average days to flowering by accumulated hours of low temperature ($5.0^{\circ}C$) or changing temperature after bud breaking. Over-all, the prediction of flowering time in the commercial apple cultivars ('Fuji' and 'Tsugaru') and apple cultivars ('Chukwang', 'Gamhong', 'Hongan', 'Honggeum', 'Hongro', 'Hongso', 'Hwahong', 'Summer dream', 'Sunhong') bred in Korea at the Gunwi region for 4 years (from 2009 to 2012) was investigated. Also, this study estimated the flowering time when the air temperature of Gunwi region rises at $5.0^{\circ}C$ was investigated using the same data. The range of accumulated hours of low temperature (chilling requirement) was from 0 hour to 1,671 hours, and the range of high temperature (heat requirements) to flowering after low temperature treatment was from $5.0^{\circ}C$ to $29.0^{\circ}C$. The treatments of changing temperature after bud breaking were classified as constant temperature treatment (control) and $5.0{\sim}10.0^{\circ}C$ elevation or descent treatments. The results show that the average days to flowering was longer with shorter accumulated hours of low temperature, and the average days from bud breaking to flowering of 0 hour treatment was longer about 2~4 weeks than that of 1,335~1,503 hours treatments. In comparing to apple cultivars, the all cultivars were not flowered under $10.0^{\circ}C$ after bud breaking, and the cultivars with low chilling requirements needed low heat requirements for flowering. The average days to flowering of treatments that the air temperature after bud breaking was controlled about $15.0^{\circ}C$ was shorter about 1~3 weeks than that of treatments was controlled about $10.0^{\circ}C$. In the treatment of changing temperature after bud breaking, the average days from bud breaking to flowering of temperature elevation treatment was shorter than that of constant temperature treatment. By use of these results, the base temperature to flowering of main apple cultivars in Korea was seemed to $10.0^{\circ}C$, and if the air temperature of Gunwi region rises about $5.0^{\circ}C$ than that of current, the flowering time was estimated to be delayed by 1 week.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.141-155
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• 1992

This study has been carried out to investigate the cause symptom and treatment of Poong-On(風溫) by referring to 29 leteratures. The results were obtained as follows; 1. The factors causing Poong-On(風溫) is wind and heat. 2. The symptom of Poong-On(風溫) is as follows. fever, chilling, cough, sweating sign, chest discomfort, thirst, Doo Chang Wan Bi(頭脹脘痺), Yang Maeg Boo Hwal(陽脈浮滑), Eum Maeg Yoo Yak(陰脈濡弱), Seol Tae Baek Bak(舌苔白薄). 3. The treatment-method of Poong-On(風溫) is as follows. Sin Ryang Hae Pyo(辛凉解表), San Poong Han Ii Rae Pyo(散風寒以解表), Seol Yeol Hwa Eum(泄熱和陰), So Sul Ii Hae Pyo(疏泄以解表). 4. The treatment-herbs of Poong-On(風溫) is as follows, Eun Gyo San(銀翹散), Ma Haeng Gam Sug Tang(麻杏甘石湯), Jo Wee Sung Gi Tang(調胃承氣湯), An Goong Woo Hwang Hwan(安宮牛黃丸), Seo Gag Ji Hwang Tang(犀角地黃湯), Baek Ho Tang(白虎湯), Sa Sam Maeg Moon Dong Tang(沙蔘麥門冬湯), Ga Gam Bok Maeg Tang(加減伏脈湯), Saeng Maeg San(生脈散).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.129-140
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• 2020

Objectives This study aimed to report significant improvement of fibromyalgia patient who was diagnosed with 'Taeeumin esophagus-cold lung-dry symptomatology' based on Sasang Constitutional Medicine. Methods The patient was treated with herbal medicine. To evaluate the results of this treatment, the patient assessed pain of Fibromyalgia by using the Numeral Rating Scale (NRS) and American College of Rheumatology Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria (ACR, 2010). Results After 64 days of treatment, the NRS of pain reduced from 6 to 2. There was no difference before and after treatment with Widespread Pain Index 7, but Symptom Severity scale score decreased from 8 to 4. Headache, dizziness, and chilling symptoms were also improved. Conclusions The patient showed a significant improvement of Fibromyalgia and accessory symptoms without any side effects, who was treated with herbal medicine.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.106-111
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• 2020

Objectives: Hepatitis A is a typical acute hepatitis caused by hepatovirus, and then most patients recover easily without progression to chronic condition. However, certain cases have the risk of severe symptoms or even death. This case report presented a hepatitis A accompanied with pancreatitis, which had been completely recovered in a Korean medicine hospital. Case presentation: A 38-year woman had felt the malaise, mild chilling, muscle pain and abdominal discomfort for 10 days, which led her visit doctors and took anti-pyretic analgesics and digestants. The symptoms, especially epigastric pain and fatigue, became worse, and then she hospitalized in a Korean medicine hospital. Based on the drastic elevations of hepatic enzymes (aspartate transaminase 1,604 IU/L and alanine transaminase 2,825IU/L) with an anti-HAV IgM positive, she was diagnosed with hepatitis A. After bed rest and herbal drug treatment (CGX and Innae-Tang) for 5 days, the laboratory abnormalities and subjective symptoms had been improved gradually, except the upper gastric discomfort and pain. Those symptoms had anticipated the comorbidity with HAV-induced pancreatitis, supported by the high level of serum lipase release. Another 5-day hospitalized treatment improved all subjective symptoms and then the laboratory results were completely normalized including detection of anti-HAV IgG within 15 days after discharge. Conclusion: This study presented a typical hepatitis A accompanied with pancreatitis, which should be considered in diagnosis and management of hepatitis A.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.347-351
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to study the optimal chilling period for breaking the physiological dormancy of dehisced E. senticosus seeds and to investigate the critical seeding date in Kangwondo. Storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for 85 days was most effective in breaking dormancy of dehisced seeds, but didn't germinated synchronously. Only 28.1% of undehisced seeds germinated after 125 days of low temperature storage. For improving seedling survival rate in the field, 50% shading was more effective than 30% shading. Delayed seeding date resulted in decreased seedling fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area and root length, but seeding date has no significant affecte on stem length.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2013

Ran is a small GTP-binding protein that binds and subsequently hydrolyzes GTP. The functions of Ran in nuclear transport and mitotic progression are well conserved in plants and animals. In animal cells, stress treatments cause Ran relocalization and slowing of nuclear transport, but the role of Ran proteins in plant cells exposed to stress is still unclear. We have therefore compared Ran genes from three EST libraries construed from different cell types of sweetpotato and the distribution pattern of Ran ESTs differed according to cell type. We further characterized two IbRan genes. IbRan1 is a specific EST to the suspension cells and leaf libraries, and IbRan2 is specific EST to the root library. IbRan1 showed 94.6 % identity with IbRan2 at the amino acid level, but the C-terminal region of IbRan1 differed from that of IbRan2. These two genes showed tissue-specific differential regulation in wounded tissues. Chilling stress induced a similar expression pattern in both IbRan genes in the leaves and petioles, but they were differently regulated in the roots. Hydrogen peroxide treatment highly stimulated IbRan2 mRNA expression in the leaves and petioles, but had no significant effect on IbRan1 gene expression. These results showed that the transcription of these two IbRan genes responds differentially to abiotic stresses and that they are subjected to tissue-specific regulation. Plant Ran-type small G-proteins are a multigenic family, and the characterization of each Ran genes under various environmental stresses will contribute toward our understanding of the distinctive function of each plant Ran isoform.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.136-137
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to improve germination rate and growth of Lilium formolongi 'Neosan No. 2' seeds by priming. Seeds were immersed in the solutions of 200 mM $Ca(NO_3)_2$, 200 mM $KNO_3$ for 3 days and 100 mg/L $GA_3$ for 1 day at $17{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. For chilling treatment, seeds were kept in the low temperature chamber of $2{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Germination percentage of seeds treated with $Ca(NO_3)_2$ or $KNO_3$ was higher than that of seeds with other treatments and control seeds to 10 days after seeding, but final germination percentage was not significantly different among all treatments including control. Early growth of seedlings treated with $Ca(NO_3)_2$ and $KNO_3$ were better than that of seedling with other treatments.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.364-370
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• 1987

The $O_2^-$ level of the extract from young rice leaves, which was cold treated for 2 days and then placed at room temperature for a period of time significantly higher than that from tissues untreated. $O_2^-$ level in leaves was practically unchanged during cold treatment for 48 hours. But it started to increase to arrive at maximum in 8 hours, once the plants were placed under room temperature. The abnormal production of $O_2^-$ in mitochondria during postchilling process was interpreted as a biochemical consequence of accumulation of glycolysis product(s) in cytosol and/or NADH in mitochondrial matrix due to disruption of catabolic balance at low temperature. Mitochondria isolated from the chilling injured tissue was found to have lost considerably their respiratory activity. This fact may imply the involvement of intramitochondrial accumulation of $O_2^-$ in the inactivation of electron transport chain system. The observation that mitochondria in the presence of the $O_2^--producing$ enzymatic system (Xanthine/Xanthine oxidase) lost their respiratory activity supports this inference. It was also found in this work that Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a substrate inducible enzyme, and that SOD is a possible protective agent in plant cell against chilling injury.