• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.4 s.51
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• pp.79-86
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• 2005

According to the new multi-media appeared as a result of rapid growth of the information and science technique, the school library must be changed to the integration of the teach-study media resource from the existing print media. It means that the school library has to play a role of the study center with a different media from the existing teaching material, teaching instrument, facility and opportunity. The Information education must be conducted in the way of an integrated education course and able to do both information transaction and problem settlement. The education facility to solve this problem is the school library. Therefore, the school library becomes important more and more. It means that the school library is the center of entire study and education material for the teacher and student is focused on it. It is urgent to make the standard of the school library In order to cope with the new education and information environments. And especially it is very important to make a plan about the location and scale of the school library to improve the quality of the children's studying activity. The location of the school library is decided under consideration of the relationship with other room of school house and the proper scale of it is between 2.5units and 7.0units of classroom based on the number of class.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.311-328
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• 2008

New library building construction and the remodeling of old one is growing tendency is nation-wide recently. But there is no reflection of library user's view in the field of library construction. For the completion of the research the data was collected by bar-code scanner with user ID cards. Collected data was analysed by using crosstabulation and t-test. Around 2:00PM is peak time for library visit and the reading room for children is most frequent use space in library.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.397-405
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• 2001

The vision disturbances of school- age children has been recognized as and important school health problem. As the visual disturbances of the school-age children is recognized as the nation's health problem. the importance of the development of educational program for visual health should be emphasized. Recently, eyeball movement and other visual health management method has been introduced for prevention or recovery of decrease in visual acuity. But, the effect of eyeball movement was not confirmed yet. And, the controversy around the treatment effect is continued. The decrease of visual acuity is one of the important school health problem as well as it causes discomfort in daily life of the students. So, it should be considered as an important subject for school health and there is a need to develop an effective intervention program for visual health. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the program with the recognition of the need of the intervention for visual health. The visual health promotion program was developed by the researcher and the program was initiated by the school. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was applied for study which examined the effect of the visual health promotion program. The subjects were 742 children (experimental group: 398; control group: 344). The experiment was composed of health education and eyeball movement. Health education was provided 5 times to the children in the class room. Children of experimental group exercised eyeball movement in the class, watching video for 10 minutes two times a day. The exercise was continued for 10 weeks. The result of the study were as follows. 1) change of visual acuity Before the intervention, mean of the visual acuity was .86 for the experimental group and .91 for control group. After the intervention, mean of visual acuity was .95 for the experimental group and. 90 for the control group. There was no significant difference in the change of visual acuity between experimental and control group. 2) change of refraction. In the experimental group, 327 eyes (41.08%) were normal vision and 469 eyes (58.98%) were eyes of refraction errors, 38.82 % of the total eyes were myopia. There was no significant change in the refraction in the children with myopia after the intervention. 3) Awareness of visual acuity, change of knowledge, behavior. and attitude (1) After the intervention, there was a significant difference in the awareness of visual acuity (experimental group: 70.10%. control group: 50.97%, p<.01). (2) After the intervention, there was a significant knowledge increase in the experimental group (pp<.01). (3) There was no significant difference in the visual health behavior after the intervention. (4) There was a significant positive change in the attitude related to visual health in the experimental group ( pp<.05). 4) There was a significant positive change in the subjective discomfort of the students. But, there was no significant change in the objective eye symptom after the intervention. Even though there was no effect in the visual acuity and the change of the refraction. subjective visual health as well as the attitude and knowledge' of the children and parents toward visual health was improved significantly. Also, there was an increase in the intention of change and the awareness for the visual health management. It is suggested that various educational strategies for visual health promotion should be developed and examined for the visual health promotion of the students.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical features and complication such as esophageal stricture in children with corrosive esophagitis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 31 children who accidentally ingested corrosive materials and visited to emergency room of Chonnam National University Hospital from Jan. 1992 to Dec. 1999. Twenty-one children were examined by upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy to evaluate location and severity of caustic injury. Results: 1) Among 31 patients, there were 20 males and 11 females and the ratio of male to female was 2:1. Average age at diagnosis was 2.3 years (12 months to 9.8 years). Twenty-seven (87.1%) patients were accidentally ingested vinegar. 2) Initial presenting symptoms were dysphagia (54.8%), vomiting (48.3%), chemical burn on lips and skin (45.2%), excessive salivation (45.2%), coughing and respiratory grunting (32.3%) and aspiration pneumonia (9.8%). 3) UGI endoscopic examination showed caustic injury in 17 children: grade I in 8, grade II in 7 and grade III in 2. The region of caustic injury was proximal esophagus in 5, distal esophagus in 3, entire esophagus in 9 and stomach in 6. 4) Corrosive esophageal strictures developed in 6 children (19.4%) and gastric outlet stricture in 1 (3.2%). All of them showed grade II or III caustic injury on endoscopic examination. Conclusion: The development of esophageal stricture was related to the severity of the caustic injury. Early UGI endoscopic examination in caustic ingestion seems to be useful for prediction of development of caustic stricture.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2016

In South Korea, many cases of humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI) have been reported among people who used humidifier products containing humidifier disinfectant (HD). The objectives of this study are to estimate both airborne HD concentration in the room where HD was used and the amount of humidifier disinfectant absorbed into the respiratory system. Information and data on the HDs were collected using a structured questionnaire and home environmental investigations include the volume of HD (ml) and hours used per day, concentration of disinfectants contained in the HD brand (${\mu}g/ml$), volume of the room ($m^3$), assumed ventilation rate ($m^3/hr$) and breathing rate assumed ($m^3/hr$). We used children aged under five years old as a sample and estimated both airborne HD concentrations and amount of HD absorbed into the respiratory system. The estimated airborne concentration of HD in the room ranged from 68 to $369{\mu}g/m^3$ for PHMG (polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate) and from 16 to $239{\mu}g/m^3$ for PGH (oligo (2-(2-ethoxy) ethoxyethyl guanidine). The amount of HD absorbed in the respiratory system per day was estimated to range from 227 to $1,225{\mu}g$ for PHMG and from 53 to $794{\mu}g$ for PGH. In conclusion, a great amount of HD was likely absorbed into respiratory system, likely beyond the level of the capacity of the immune system to remove the HD absorbed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.133-150
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• 2021

Purpose: The epidemiologic understanding of allergic diseases, including prevalence and risk factors, is needed for allergy management. This study identified the prevalence of and coping patterns for various types of allergies, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic conjunctivitis (AC), food allergy (FA), and drug allergy (DA), in Nam-gu, Ulsan, one of the most industrialized districts in Korea. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using a self-report multiple choice questionnaire. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and other measures were reviewed to develop the questionnaire. Data was collected from May 9th to November 30th of 2018. Descriptive and frequency analyses were performed to apprehend the prevalence of symptoms, diagnostic rates, diagnosis dates, treatment history, and others. Results: By randomized sampling, 9,102 children from 25 nurseries, 25 kindergartens, and 15 elementary schools participated in the study. The prevalence of asthma, AR, AD, AC, FA, and DA were 11.1%, 48.7%, 15.5%, 17.6%, 15.1%, and 2.0%, respectively. The respective rate of ever being diagnosed with asthma, AR, AD, AC, FA, and DA were 4.2%, 38.4%, 25.5%, 23.3%, 9.7%, and 1.1%, respectively. Last year's allergy related school absenteeism rates were 10.8%, 4.1%, and 1.3% for asthma, AR, and AD, respectively. Lastly, 59.2% of the participants considered air pollution as the most challenging factor in allergy management. Conclusion: This study comprehensively investigated the current state of various allergic diseases in Nam-gu, Ulsan. The study's findings are expected to be applied to strategies for decreasing the socioeconomic burden of allergic diseases.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2009

For the young period, privacy is a crucial factor in establishing one's own identities, values and relationships. The capacity of residential environment to protect individual's privacy takes considerable part in influencing psychological and physiological development of adolescents. This study analyzed adolescents residential values and the elements of spatial plans for the passage and outdoor in Apartment Design Competition of Suwon A district in 2008. One hundred and ten middle and high school students living in Metropolitan area were selected and questionnaire was conducted during February 7 to February 15 in 2009. The data was analyzed by SPSS 11.0 program using one-way ANOVA and crosstab. The study results were summarized as follows; First, the adolescents valued 'safety' the most, regardless of their age and gender and the safety of adolescents commuting should be considered. Second, protecting their own private territories was next important element among other elements. Privacy can be protected by using movable walls, changing the doorway, dividing parents' and adolescents independent territory. Third, in terms of convenience, choosing location of children's room and walking way should be considered. Forth, from the survey, demand for indoors leisure activity was highly valued and required for aesthetic point of view. Considering the sculptures and facilities must satisfy the aesthetics and practicality. Fifth, in terms of social needs, 61.6% of people answered positively to the community facilities for social relationship. Residential environment affects enormous part of adolescents emotional and academic development. Therefore, designing residential areas for adolescents friendly should reflect the demands for safety, territory, convenience, aesthetic and social life.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.283-290
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shopping condition of Dongdaemoon Shoppingmall. A depth interview was administered to eight consumers aged 10s through 30s who had shopping experiences at Dongdaemoon Shoppingmall. The contents of interview were about the reasons of preference for Dongdaemoon Shoppingmall, the merchandise categories purchased, assortment, price, shopping environment, and service offered by Dongdaemoon Shoppingmall. The results of this study were as follows: The reasons of consumers' Dongdaemoon Shoppingmall preference were reasonable price, variety of merchandise assortment, easy catch of fashion trend, entertainment place, and opening hour at nighttime. The mainly purchased items were casual and fashionable clothes. Children's wear was mainly bought item by housewives too. The unique design, similar merchandises sold at department stores and new style in early adoption of fashion cycle were perceived as positive aspects, but copied merchandises and large quantity of same merchandise as negative aspects. The fixed price system was not trusted by consumers. Consumers' complaints about shopping condition were crowded pathways and shopping booths, the lacks of facilities such as fitting room, toilet, lounge area, sales persons' service, and difficulty of using credit cards. From these results, some implications for marketing strategies and practices might be suggested. In order to improve the design variety of merchandises, marketers and apparel manufacturers should make efforts by managing merchandise planning, production, selling, and promotion cooperatively. Fixed price system, acceptance of credit cards, and merchandise return/exchange service should be improved. The training the salespersons was the most important and basic step and easy way to get to successful business.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2016

This study is therefore aimed at measuring the surface dose rate and the spatial dose rate in and outside the radionuclide facility in order to ensure safety of the patients, radiation workers and family care-givers in their use of such equipment and to provide a basic framework for further research on radiation protection. The study was conducted at 4 restrooms in and outside the radionuclide facility of a general hospital in Incheon between May 1 and July 31, 2014. During the study period, the spatial contamination dose rate and the surface contamination dose rate before and after radiation use were measured at the 4 places-thyroid therapy room, PET center, gamma camera room, and outpatient department. According to the restroom use survey by hospitals, restrooms in the radionuclide facility were used not only by patients but also by family care-givers and some of radiation workers. The highest cumulative spatial radiation dose rate was 8.86 mSv/hr at camera room restroom, followed by 7.31 mSv/hr at radioactive iodine therapy room restroom, 2.29 mSv/hr at PET center restroom, and 0.26 mSv/hr at outpatient department restroom, respectively. The surface radiation dose rate measured before and after radiation use was the highest at toilets, which are in direct contact with patient's excretion, followed by the center and the entrance of restrooms. Unsealed radioactive sources used in nuclear medicine are relatively safe due to short half lives and low energy. A patient who received those radioactive sources, however, may become a mobile radioactive source and contaminate areas the patient contacts-camera room, sedation room, and restroom-through secretion and excretion. Therefore, patients administered radionuclides should be advised to drink sufficient amounts of water to efficiently minimize radiation exposure to others by reducing the biological half-life, and members of the public-family care-givers, pregnant women, and children-be as far away from the patients until the dose remains below the permitted dose limit.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.1061-1066
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• 2007

Purpose : Early identification of developmental disabilities allows intervention at the earliest possible point to improve the developmental potential. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), a parent- completed questionnaire, can be used as a substitute for formal screening tests. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the Korean version of the ASQ (K-ASQ) as a screening tool for detecting developmental delay of young Korean children in the setting of a busy pediatric outpatient clinic. Methods : Parents completed the K-ASQ in the waiting room of the pediatric outpatient clinic of St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College. Out of 150 completed the ASQ, 67 who were born term and had no previous diagnosis of developmental delay, congenital anomalies, or neurological abnormalities were enrolled. The cut-off values of less than 2 standard deviations (SD) below the mean for the ASQ were used to define a "fail", and children who failed in one or more domains tested were classified as "screen-positive". Diagnosis of developmental delay was made when the developmental indices fell below -1 SD of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II. Results : (1) The mean age of children was $16.4{\pm}7.4$ months. Ten children (14.9%) were small-for- gestational age infants. The mean birth weight and gestational age were $3.1{\pm}0.6kg$ and $38.8{\pm}1.4$ weeks. Nine children (13.4%) were twins and 33 (49.0%) were male. The mean maternal education in years was $13.6{\pm}2.4$, and 31.3% had full-time jobs. The time for completing the ASQ was $10.2{\pm}3.0$ minutes. (2) Seventeen children (25.4%) were classified as screen-positive, four of them were delayed in development. Among eight children diagnosed with developmental delay, four were screen-positive and the other four were screen-negative by the ASQ. (3) The test characteristics of the ASQ were as follows: sensitivity (50.0%); specificity (78.0%); positive predictive value (23.5%); negative predictive value (92.0%). Conclusion : The high negative predictive value of the K-ASQ supports its use as a screening tool for developmental delay in the setting of a pediatric outpatient clinic.