• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.16-18
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze the amount of telomeres and telomerase activity of several chicken cells. Telomere quantity and telomerase activity were analyzed during organ development, growth and aging in embryonic and adults chicken. Analyzed cells were whole embryos and the cells from brain, heart, liver, kidney, lymphocytes and germinal tissues in Korean Native Chicken. The amount of telomeric DNA was analyzed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) techniques using a chicken telomere repeat probe. Telomerase activity was performed by Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) assay. In results, telomerase activity was highly detectable in early embryonic cells, germinal cells and kidney cells. Whereas the cells from brain, heart, and liver had gradually down-regulated pattern of telomerase activity. Analyzing the telomere quantities on chicken cells, the amount of telomeric DNA of most chicken cells gradually decreased as growth. From these results, the amount of telomeric DNA was directly affected by telomerase activity. Consequently the telomere quantity and telomerase activity are closely relate to cell differentiation and tissue specificity during developmental and growing stages.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.40-46
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• 2001

The use of pluripotent stem cells has tremendous advantages for various purposes but these cell lines with proven germ-line transmission have been completely established only in the mouse. Embryonic germ (EG) cell lines are also pluripotent and undifferentiated stem cells established from primordial germ cells (PGCs). This study was conducted to establish and characterize the chicken EG cells derived from gonadal primordial germ cells. We isolated gonadal PGCs from 5.5-day-old (stage 28) White leghorn (WL) embryos and established chicken EG cells lines with EG culture medium supplemented with human stem cell factor (hSCF), murine leukemia inhibitory factor (mLIF), bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), human interleukin-11 (hIL-11), and human insulin-like growth factor-I (hIGF-I). These cells grew continuously for 4 months (10 passages) on a feeder layer of mitotically active chicken embryonic fibroblasts. These cells were characterized by screening with the Periodic acid-Shiff＇s reaction, anti-SSEA-1 antibody, and a proliferation assay after several passages. As the results, the chicken EG cells maintained characteristics of undifferentiated stem cells as well as that of gonadal PGCs. When cultured in suspension, the chicken EG cells successfully formed an embryoid body and differentiated into a variety of cell types when re-seeded onto culture dish. The chicken EG cells were injected into blastodermal layer at stage X and dorsal aorta of recipient embryo at stage 14 (incubation of 53hrs) and produced chimeric chickens with various differentiated tissues derived from the EG cells. The germline chimeras were also successfully induced by using EG cells. Thus, Chicken EG cells will be useful for the production of transgenic chickena and for studies of germ cell differentiation and genomic imprinting.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 1994

Nitric oxide(NO) synthase was identified and characterized by determining the L-citrulline formed in the NO-Arg pathway in pancreatic tissues. NO synthase activities in chicken pancreas were dependent upon the concentration of L-Arg which is the substrate molecule for the NO synthase, the amount of the enzyme protein used, and linearly on the incubation time. NO synthase in mouse pancreas was found to be constitutive, not induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment. In vitro NO synthase activities of chicken pancreas were inhibited 36%, 21%, 12% and 44% by $200\;{\mu}M$ of MMA, DMA, D'MA and NAME respectively. These results suggest the presence of NO and NO synthase in the pancreas.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.245-252
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• 1997

To investigate morphological changes in the exocrine pancreas of chicken after pancreatic duct ligation, experimental animals were subdivided to control, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days and 10 days groupes and all of three pancreatic ducts of chicken were ligated by surgical procedure and then the morphological changes were observed. In pancreatic ducts, once for a while the ducts were dilated on 12 hours after pancreatic duct ligation and then they were obstructed because of proliferated epithelial cells and connective tissues in pancreatic duct. Marginal dissociation of acini was detected in 12 hours after pancreatic duct ligation and then dissociation of acini was increased with time and finally in 4 days after pancreatic duct ligation the acini showed completely dissociation except periductular regions and around pancreatic islets. Most of dissociated acini cells showed marginal condensation of nuclear chromatin and atropy of cytoplasm, namely, apoptotic features were detected in dissociated acinar cells. Interacinar spaces of dissociated acinar regions were dilated and fulfilled with increased connective tissue and in 4 days after pancreatic duct ligation, deposition of lymphocytes and hemocytes was occurred.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.295-306
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• 2023

Objective: Inhibiting the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway delays differentiation and increases proliferation of muscle stem cells in most species. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of p38 inhibitor (p38i) treatment on the proliferation and differentiation of chicken muscle stem cells. Methods: Chicken muscle stem cells were collected from the muscle tissues of Hy-line Brown chicken embryos at embryonic day 18, then isolated by the preplating method. Cells were cultured for 4 days in growth medium supplemented with dimethyl sulfoxide or 1, 10, 20 μM of p38i, then subcultured for up to 4 passages. Differentiation was induced for 3 days with differentiation medium. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Results: The proliferation and mRNA expression of paired box 7 gene and myogenic factor 5 gene, as well as the mRNA expression of myogenic differentiation marker gene myogenin were significantly higher in p38i-treated cultures than in control (p<0.05), but immunofluorescence staining and mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) were not significantly different between the two groups. Oil red O staining of accumulated lipid droplets in differentiated cell cultures revealed a higher lipid density in p38i-treated cultures than in control; however, the expression of the adipogenic marker gene peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: p38 inhibition in chicken muscle stem cells improves cell proliferation, but the effects on myogenic differentiation and lipid accumulation require additional analysis. Further studies are needed on the chicken p38-MAPK pathway to understand the muscle and fat development mechanism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.987-992
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• 2010

This study was to detect the expression of heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) gene mRNA in different tissues of Rugao and Luyuan chickens at 56 d and 120 d by real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase-chain reaction (FQ-RT-PCR). The primers were designed according to the sequences of HFABP, A-FABP and GAPDH genes in Gallus gallus, which were used as target genes and internal reference gene, respectively. The levels of H-FABP and A-FABP gene expression were detected by SYBR Green I FQ-RT-PCR. The relative H-FABP and A-FABP gene mRNA expression level was calculated with 2-$^{{\Delta}Ct}$. Melting curve analysis showed a single peak of three genes. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content in breast muscle and leg muscle of the two chicken breeds at 120 d was higher than at 56 d. IMF content in breast muscle and leg muscle at 56 d and 120 d in Luyuan was significantly higher than in Rugao, however, abdominal fat of Luyuan was significantly lower than that of Rugao. The relative H-FABP gene mRNA expression level in cardiac muscle was the highest in both chicken breeds. The relative H-FABP and A-FABP gene expression of different tissues in Luyuan was higher than in Rugao. H-FABP gene mRNA expression had a negative effect on IMF of leg and breast muscles, and was significantly negatively correlated with IMF content. The relative A-FABP gene mRNA level in abdominal fat was higher than in liver. The A-FABP gene mRNA was not expressed in leg, breast and cardiac muscles. A-FABP gene mRNA expression level was significantly positively correlated with abdominal fat and had a significant effect on abdominal fat but not IMF content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.1026-1034
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• 2000

As described here, most recently developed methods for improving reproduction performance of domesticated animals such as cattle, swine and chicken have been considered to be also usable for restoring some sorts of endangered and/or extinct wild animals in the very near future. Especially, the techniques for in vitro storage of gametes obtained from dead animals shortly after the death, probably 24 h following the sacrifice are also available for obtaining some of experimental specimens. In case of the endangered animals, nobody will be allowed to use any tissues from the living animals, therefore, e.g., the use of skin tissues from these bodies is another possibility of restoring the living animals. Regarding the use of skin tissues, the most highly usable tools must be the cloning techniques for reviving rare cells from the living body. Most possible techniques for cloning cells is nuclear transfer from rare species to highly relative species, and this is the case of germ cells, e.g., primordial germ cells (PGCs) of avian species. One of the possibilities is the nuclear transfer of Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) to the PGCs of chicken, resulting in the PGCs with transferred nucleus from the ibis. In mammalian species, the same procedure as in the case of birds would be successful, e.g., the removed nucleus from Giant Pandas will be transferred to the cell, such as somatic cells or germ cells from black bears or lesser pandas, leading to the production of transnucleared cells in the body of female black bears. These two cases are most promising techniques for reviving endangered animals in the world, particularly in Asian countries, mainly in China. As a conclusion, possible production of cloned animals carrying transnucleared cells from endangered animals, such as Giant Pandas and Crested Ibis, may be reproduced gradually in the near future. Scientists are, therefore, required to convert the paradigm from domestic animals to wild animals, including endangered and/or extinct animals on the earth.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 1994

Clinically healthy 12 female Manina breed chicken (6 of 75 days old : group 46 of 145 days old： group B, female) were examined to establish physiological basic data on organ tissues total Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities and CPK isoenzymes fractions. The tissues examined were the Lung, Heart, Liver, Proventriculus, Gizzard, Duodenum, Colon and Muscle. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. Total CPK activities were high with decreasing order of the Muscle > Proventriculus >Giz-zard >Heart >Duodenum> Colon >Lung >Liver in group A and Muscle >Proventriculus >Giz-zard >Heart > Colon >Duodenum > Lung > Liver in group B. Significance of total CPK activities in group difference was only found Colon, group B showed higher values than that of group A (p< 0.01). 2. In the pattern of CPK isoenzymes fractions, Lung, Heart, Liver, Proventriculus, Gizzard, Duodenum and Muscle were high with decreasing order of CK2 >CK3, Colon showed the pattern with decreasing order of CK3 >CK2. Significance of CPK isoenzymes fractions in group difference was only found Liver, CK2 in group B(P<0.01) and CK3 in group A(P<0.01) were higher than that of the other group.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2015

Though a great amount of chicken by-products are consumed everyday in many countries worldwide, however, no attention has been paid to the investigation of nutritional composition of these by-products. In the present work, the basic information regarding the aspects of nutritional composition of chicken by-products such as; liver, gizzard, heart, lung, crop, small intestines, cecum and duodenum was studied. Our results revealed that the approximate composition range (minimum to maximum) of these by-products was found as such: moisture 76.68-83.23%; fat 0.81-4.53%, protein 10.96-17.70% and calories 983.20-1,426.0 cal/g tissue, in which liver and gizzard had the highest protein content. Liver had higher (p<0.05) vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6 contents in comparison to other remaining byproducts. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels ranged between the by-products from 31.82% to 43.96%, 56.04% to 68.19%, and 18.27% to 32.05%, respectively. Remarkably, all of by-products showed desirable PUFA/SFA ratios. Furthermore, all of chicken by-products, especially liver, contained higher levels of trace elements (e.g., Fe, Mn and Zn) in comparison with those from muscle tissues published in literature. Overall, the study indicated that most of chicken byproducts examined are good sources of essential nutrients and these obtained results will be the useful information to consumers and meat processors.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.53-59
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• 2005

Sequences of candidate chicken testis-specific genes were analyzed in order to develop a resource for functional genomic studies of the testis and male germ cells. Tentative consensus sequences (TCs) containing ESTs expressed in testis libraries only were selected from the TIGR Gallus gallus Gene Index, resulting in a total of 292 TCs. The transcriptional expression of these genes were evaluated in a variety of chicken tissues, including testis and ovary, Of the panel of 292 TCs, 110 were expressed in a testis-specific manner. The correlation between the number of ESTs assembled into each TC and the number of testis-specific TCs was not significant. Annotation of the TCs using the Gene Ontology database terms showed that the proportion of testis-specific TCs that were classified as having catalytic activity (within the Molecular Function branch) was larger than the proportion of total chicken TCs classified in the same way. Our results might facilitate the investigation of testis-specific genes and their functional analysis in the chicken as well as in other avian species.