• BMB Reports
• /
• 제44권6호
• /
• pp.375-380
• /
• 2011

Bacillus licheniformis SK-1 naturally produces chitinase 72 (CHI72) with two truncation derivatives at the C-terminus, one with deletion of the chitin binding domain (ChBD), and the other with deletions of both fibronectin type III domain (FnIIID) and ChBD. We constructed deletions mutants of CHI72 with deletion of ChBD (CHI72${\Delta}$ChBD) and deletions of both FnIIID and ChBD (CHI72${\Delta}$FnIIID${\Delta}$ChBD), and studied their activity on soluble, amorphous and crystalline substrates. Interestingly, when equivalent amount of specific activity of each enzyme on soluble substrate was used, the product yield from CHI72-${\Delta}$ChBD and CHI72${\Delta}$FnIIID${\Delta}$ChBD on colloidal chitin was 2.5 and 1.6 fold higher than CHI72, respectively. In contrast, the product yield from CHI72${\Delta}$ChBD and CHI72${\Delta}$FnIIID-${\Delta}$ChBD on ${\beta}$-chitin reduced to 0.7 and 0.5 fold of CHI72, respectively. These results suggest that CHI72 can modulate its substrate specificities through truncations of the functional domains at the C-terminus, producing a mixture of enzymes with elevated efficiency of hydrolysis.

• 근관절건강학회지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.147-157
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Tai Chi exercise program (Sun style 12 forms) on anxiety, powerlessness, self-esteem in community-dwelling elderly women. Methods: With a quasi-experimental design, a nonequivalent control group pretest-post test was used. Elderly women who agreed to participate in the study were assigned into an experimental group (n=23), or a control group (n=23). The experimental group participated in Tai Chi exercise program for 50 minutes per session, 2 times a week for 11 weeks. Tai Chi exercise program consisted of 10 minutes for warm-up, 35 minutes for main session, and 5 minutes for cooling down exercises. Anxiety, powerlessness, and self-esteem were measured with questionnaires to evaluate the effect of Tai Chi exercise program. The data were analyzed by using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test by a SPSS WIN 12.0 program. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvement for self-esteem (z=-3.130, p=.002), powerlessness(z=-3.267, p=.001), and anxiety (z=-2.932, p=.003) when compared to control group, Conclusions: Tai chi exercise program may be an effective nursing intervention to improve self-esteem and to reduce powerlessness and anxiety in community-dwelling elderly women.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.385-392
• /
• 2000

Many tests for multivariate normality are based on the spherical coordinates of the scaled residuals of multivariate observations. Moore and Stubblebine's (1981) Pearson chi-square test is based on the radii of the scaled residuals, or equivalently the sample Mahalanobis distances of the observations from the sample mean vector. The chi-square statistic does not have a limiting chi-square distribution since the unknown parameters are estimated from ungrouped data. We will derive a simple closed form of the Rao-Robson chi-square test statistic and provide a self-contained proof that it has a limiting chi-square distribution. We then provide an illustrative example of application to a real data with a simulation study to show the accuracy in finite sample of the limiting distribution.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
• /
• 제42권3호
• /
• pp.45-77
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 공공도서관 이용자들을 대상으로 설문조사를 수행함으로써 이용자들의 일반적인 건강정보 획득경로, 공공도서관에서 CHI 서비스를 제공하는 것에 대한 이용자의 인식, 이용자들의 인식에 영향을 미치는 요인 등을 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 국내 공공도서관 이용자들의 90% 정도가 CHI 정보원을 획득하는 경로로 공공도서관을 크게 고려하고 있지 않았다. 2) 공공도서관에서 CHI 서비스를 제공하는 것에 대해 60%의 이용자가 필요하다고 생각하고 있다. 3) 공공도서관에서 CHI 서비스를 제공하는 것의 필요성에 대해, 이용자들의 인식에 영향을 미치는 요인은 건강에 대한 관심도, 하루 인터넷 사용 시간 등이었다. 4) 공공도서관이 CHI 서비스를 제공하는 것에 대해 사서와 이용자 간에 인식차이가 있는지를 분석한 결과, 공공도서관에서 CHI 서비스를 제공하는 것에 대한 유의한 인식차이가 없이 두 집단 모두 공공도서관에서 CHI 서비스를 제공해야 한다는 필요성을 높게 느끼고 있었다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈B:순수및응용수학
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.47-52
• /
• 1996

We consider the third order linear homogeneous differential equation L$_3$(y) = y(equation omitted) ＋ P($\chi$)y' ＋ Q($\chi$)y = 0 (E) P($\chi$) $\geq$ 0, Q($\chi$) ＞ 0 and P($\chi$)/Q($\chi$) is nondecreasing on [${\alpha}$, $\infty$) for some real number ${\alpha}$. (1) In this paper we discuss the distribution of zeros of solutions and a condition of oscillatory for equation (E).(omitted)

• 대한수학회논문집
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.217-227
• /
• 2016

Let X be a nonempty set, and let $\mathfrak{F}=\{Y_i:i{\in}I\}$ be a family of nonempty subsets of X with the properties that $X={\bigcup}_{i{\in}I}Y_i$, and $Y_i{\cap}Y_j={\emptyset}$ for all $i,j{\in}I$ with $i{\neq}j$. Let ${\emptyset}{\neq}J{\subseteq}I$, and let $T^{(J)}_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)=\{{\alpha}{\in}T(X):{\forall}i{\in}I{\exists}_j{\in}J,Y_i{\alpha}{\subseteq}Y_j\}$. Then $T^{(J)}_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$ is a subsemigroup of the semigroup $T(X,Y^{(J)})$ of functions on X having ranges contained in $Y^{(J)}$, where $Y^{(J)}:={\bigcup}_{i{\in}J}Y_i$. For each ${\alpha}{\in}T^{(J)}_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$, let ${\chi}^{({\alpha})}:I{\rightarrow}J$ be defined by $i{\chi}^{({\alpha})}=j{\Leftrightarrow}Y_i{\alpha}{\subseteq}Y_j$. Next, we define two congruence relations ${\chi}$ and $\widetilde{\chi}$ on $T^{(J)}_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$ as follows: $({\alpha},{\beta}){\in}{\chi}{\Leftrightarrow}{\chi}^{({\alpha})}={\chi}^{({\beta})}$ and $({\alpha},{\beta}){\in}\widetilde{\chi}{\Leftrightarrow}{\chi}^{({\alpha})}{\mid}_J={\chi}^{({\alpha})}{\mid}_J$. We begin this paper by studying the regularity of the quotient semigroups $T^{(J)}_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)/{\chi}$ and $T^{(J)}_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)/{\widetilde{\chi}}$, and the semigroup $T^{(J)}_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$. For each ${\alpha}{\in}T_{\mathfrak{F}}(X):=T^{(I)}_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$, we see that the equivalence class [${\alpha}$] of ${\alpha}$ under ${\chi}$ is a subsemigroup of $T_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$ if and only if ${\chi}^{({\alpha})}$ is an idempotent element in the full transformation semigroup T(I). Let $I_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$, $S_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$ and $B_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$ be the sets of functions in $T_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$ such that ${\chi}^{({\alpha})}$ is injective, surjective and bijective respectively. We end this paper by investigating the regularity of the subsemigroups [${\alpha}$], $I_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$, $S_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$ and $B_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$ of $T_{\mathfrak{F}}(X)$.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.249-256
• /
• 2007

Purpose. Tai Chi exercise, an ancient Chinese martial art, has drawn more and more attention for its health benefits. The purpose of the study was to identify the effects of a Sun-style Tai Chi exercise on arthritic symptoms (joint pain and stiffness), motivation for performing health behaviors, and the performance of health behaviors among older women with osteoarthritis. Methods. Total of 72 women with the mean age of 63 years old were recruited from outpatients clinic or public health centers according to the inclusion criteria and assigned randomly to either the Tai Chi exercise group or the control. A Sun-style Tai Chi exercise has been provided three times a week for the first two weeks, and then once a week for another 10 weeks. In 12 weeks of study period, 22 subjects in the Tai Chi exercise group and 21 subjects in the control group completed the posttest measure with the dropout rate of 41 %. Outcome variables included arthritic symptoms measured by K-WOMAC, motivation for health behavior, and health behaviors. Results. At the completion of the 12 week Tai Chi exercise, the Tai Chi group perceived significantly less joint pain (t = -2.19, P = 0.03) and stiffness (t = -2.24, P = 0.03), perceived more health benefits (t = 2.67, P = 0.01), and performed better health behaviors (t = 2.35, P = 0.02), specifically for diet behavior (t = 2.06, P = 0.04) and stress management (t = 2.97, P = 0.005). Conclusion. A Sun-style Tai Chi exercise was found as beneficial for women with osteoarthritis to reduce their perceived arthritic symptoms, improve their perception of health benefits to perform better health behaviors.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.101-113
• /
• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze the effect of Tai Chi as therapeutic exercise on depressing blood pressure. Methods : We reviewed articles published in the PubMed, Chinese Academic Journals(CAJ) and five Korean databases. The searching keywords were "Tai chi AND blood pressure" and "Tai chi AND hypertension". We evaluated the quality with Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results : In the 114 articles searched, 7 randomized controlled clinical trials were selected. Yang(楊) style Tai chi, exercising over 30 minutes a time and over three times a week, had an effect on decreasing blood pressure. However, Wu(吳) style Tai chi was not effective in decreasing blood pressure. Conclusions : Usual exercises for hypertension patients should be performed in the form of moderate exercises intensity for 10-26 weeks by 30-60 minute a time, over 3 times a week. The study of Tai Chi on blood pressure needs to follow this criteria in the future.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of the center of pressure (COP) trajectory in healthy elderly subjects while crossing an obstacle before and after participation in Tai Chi training. Forty healthy elderly subjects participated either in a 12-week intervention of Tai Chi training or in a health education program. The participants were divided into two groups (the experimental group and the control group). Subsequently, the participants were pre- and post-tested on crossing over an obstacle from a quiet stance. Participants in the experimental group received Tai Chi training that emphasized the smooth integration of trunk rotation, a shift in weight bearing from bilateral to unilateral support and coordination and a gradual narrowing of the lower-extremity stance three times weekly. The participants in the control group attended a health education program one hour weekly and heard lectures about general information to promote health. Performance was assessed by recording the changes in the displacement of the COP in the anteroposterior (A-P) and mediolateral (M-L) directions using a force platform. Participants in the Tai Chi group significantly increased the A-P and M-L displacement of the COP after Tai Chi training (p<.05). No significant differences in the A-P and the M-L displacement of the COP between pre-testing and post-testing in the control group were found. This study has shown that participation in Tai Chi exercise increased the magnitude of the A-P and M-L displacement of the COP, thereby improving the ability of healthy elderly participation to generate momentum to initiate gait. These findings support the use of Tai Chi training as an effective fall-prevention program for the elderly.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.13-14
• /
• 1983

(1) The direct product (equation omitted) $E_{I}$ of BCK-algebras $E_{I}$, (i=1, 2, 3, …, n), is a BCK-algebra. (2) Let E be a BCK-algebra and $A_1$, $A_1$, …, $A_{n}$ ideals of E. Define a mapping (equation omitted) by the rule f($\chi$)=( $A_1$$\chi$, $A_2$$\chi$, …, $A_{n}$$\chi$). Then f is a homomorphism.ism.ism.