• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.809-819
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• 1999

The scientific analysis of buried fabrics from the 16th century tomb of Kim HeumJo was conducted focusing on the conservation of fabrics, In order to find out the appropriate cleaning solvent and detergent for historical textiles physical chemical and biological analysis was conducted. The following results are obtained from this study : 1, The buried fabrics from the tomb of Kim HeumJo were composed of cotton silk and ramie. Most of fabrics had lost their original colors faded to brown. It was revealed variations in weaves and patterns were very developed at that times. 2. The chemical components of soils are hydrocarbons alkyl alcohols nitrogen compounds aromatic organic acid which is supposed to be from a human body microorganisms and their by-products. 3. Seven kinds of fungi Actinomycetes Corynebacterium spp Micrococcus luteus Bacillus Clostridium were isolated from the fabrics. The most common fungus was Bacillus.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.191-201
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• 2010

This study was focused on conservation treatment and restoration of the monument for Jo Heon and the Soldiers in Chilbaeguichong. The monument has been ruined by bombing in the era of Japanese colonial(1940) and restored in 1971. Nevertheless, it still showed serious problems such as loss of original form, structural instability, and unnatural appearance. In order to improve its conservation state, the stele basement which was lost by bombing was restored and combined with body and top stones. The broken part of the top stone was also restored with new material through provenance interpretation.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.311-324
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• 2010

The purpose of this study aims to reveal characteristics of reproduced potteries which made with clays of various chemical compositions in different firing temperatures and thereafter to provide comparative samples for identifying the manufacturing techniques of earthenwares from archaeological excavation by reproducing and characterizing sample under controlled conditions. For this study, various samples of earthenware are reproduced using different types of raw clays at several different firing temperature, followed by physical and structural characterization. Chemical specification were varied from different types of clay, which were calculated by Seger formula, and four different types of clay were selected based on different mole ratio of acidic oxide. The temperatures of firing of 7 samples were varied between $600^{\circ}C$ to $1200^{\circ}C$ at the interval of $100^{\circ}C$ for each sample. The result of analysis revealed that each reproduced earthenware has different chemical compositions divided into two groups: 1. Sample Y(6.10) and Sample G(5.85) clay; 2. Sample H(3.41) and Sample S(2.85) clay. The former which has higher mole ratio of acidic oxide than the latter, shows higher level of rockwell hardness at the same firing temperature. In addition, all four samples presented that as the firing temperature was increased, absorption rates of Y and G were abruptly dropped at $1200^{\circ}C$. Furthermore the more mole ratio of acidic oxide increase, the more microtexture of samples were vitrificated. Such result reveals that mole ratio of acidic oxide influence physical and microtextural characteristics of earthenwares, and it can be used as the comparison data in the understanding of manufacture techniques for the earthenwares of similar chemical composition.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 1992

Metallurgical studies of the bronze artifacts excavated from Miruksa Temple were performed by chemical analysis and metallographic observation. Alloy systems of the bronze artifacts were classified into two groups of Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Pb, according to the items. The contents of impurities such as Sb, As, Ni and Fe in bronze artifacts are within the limiting range of the mod ern standard bronze castings. Chemical compositions of the kitchen utensils such as bronze vessels and dishes in the Unified Silla dynasty, are in the follow ing range, Cu : 74.8-79.4% and Sn : 18.6-21.1%. Chemical composition of the Buddha-image in Koryo dynasty are 820Cu-7.0Sn-10.3Pb, showing increased Pb content and decreased Sn content. The results of chemical analysis suggest that the chemical compositions were good controlled. Any casting defects such as voids and shrinkage holes are not found microscopically, indicating high casting skill. Zinc atoms are not contained in the all bronze artifacts of Miruksa Temple site. This is the common facts founded in the east asian bronze artifacts of Korea, China and Japan. It is comparable with the European bronze of Cu-Sn-Pb-Zn system, after the Middle Age.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2011

In case of leather objects, degradation usually occurs by a combination of factors such as temperature and relative humidity, light and insect and fungi. Because chemical composition differs on the types of leather materials, leather objects affect differently even in the same environment. According to UV degradation, the overall color and gloss difference appeared severe in turn of the cowskin, sheepskin and pigskin specimens. In addition, despite short-term period of RH degradation, leather materials showed stable result on high RH circumstances. Nevertheless, if the leather sustained for a long time on the high RH, the environment can be the cause of mold or microorganisms. This study is to understand the leather objects and the future conservation and then to establish the conservational management of leather object for the future.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2019

The extensive archaeological remains at the Baekje Kingdom site of Wanggung-ri, Iksan, in the South Jeolla Province, Korea, include a seventh century workshop area that was later covered by the construction of a Buddhist temple. Remains of glass, gold, and bronze artefacts, and the ceramic crucibles used in the working of these materials, provide evidence for a multi-craft, high-temperature technology. We will report the results of both chemical compositional and lead isotope analyses for Wanggung-ri glass, which is among the earliest lead-silica glass type in East Asia, as well as review the evidence for primary glass production at Wanggung-ri.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.445-458
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• 2010

The deterioration and structural damage such as exfoliation, cracks, and separation of painted layer on the wall paintings of Maitreya Hall in Geumsan-sa temple have been accelerated since it was re-positioned to the original place after the dismantling from the building in 1993. The examination of which result and analysis described in this study, is a preliminary survey for establishing conservation plan of the wall paintings. It aimed at the understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the materials applied in the 1993 conservation. The research focused on the south walls which displayed the worst condition compared to other walls. Samples for the examination for the understanding of micro-structure, chemical composition, cristalisation, and particle distribution, were collected for finishing, middle, and consolidated layers of the walls between pillars and the ones between brackets. Those samples were collected from separated fragments of the walls. The sample analysis displayed that: 1. the 1993 conservation used the similar type of weathered soil as the original for the finishing layer, and such soil and sand for the middle layer; 2. those walls are composed of a group of mineral particles which are relatively equal in size and shape and in their distribution; 3. the mineral particles were cohered forming solid aggregate due to the application of acrylic resin for the reinforcement on the wall. The main composition of crystalisation on the first and the second reinforcement layers of the back walls were lime plaster ($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$). The overall examination confirmed that the priority of the future conservation treatment should be given to the removal of the first and the second layers of reinforcement and the treatment on the back walls which were partially consolidated.

• 보일러설비
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• s.75
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• pp.98-99
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• 2000

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.2711-2719
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• 2013

Hydrogen bonding interaction between alcohols and water molecules is an important characteristic in the aqueous solutions of alcohols. In this paper, a series of molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the aqueous solutions of low molecular weight alcohols (methanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol) at the concentrations covering a broad range from 1 to 90 mol %. The work focuses on studying the effect of the alcohols molecules on the hydrogen bonding of water molecules in binary mixtures. By analyzing the hydrogen bonding ability of the hydroxyl (-OH) groups for the three alcohols, it is found that the hydroxyl group of methanol prefers to form more hydrogen bonds than that of ethylene glycol and glycerol due to the intra-and intermolecular effects. It is also shown that concentration has significant effect on the ability of alcohol molecule to hydrogen bond water molecules. Understanding the hydrogen bonding characteristics of the aqueous solutions is helpful to reveal the cryoprotective mechanisms of methanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol in aqueous solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.569-580
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze the problem-solving process of student's compensation con-cept.For this purpose, verbal interactions during activities were audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed. And classroom observation and interview with students were carried out. Students who were superior in mathematical operations tended to explain compensation concept using proportionality. On the other hand, students who had low level of conservation concept can not connect 'relation of two variables' with 'conservation of equilibrium' at the formation process of com-pensation concept. Students who succeed in the formation of compensation concept showed high level of conservation concept. To promote the formation of compensation concept, it is necessary that how to develop proportional concept and conservation concept as closely related with compensation concept should be studied.