• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 1995

Authors devised an objective test for nasal resonatory disorders using a vibratory sensor(Piezoelectric receiver) which is relatively cheap. The vibratory sensor was covered with duralumin to eliminate contamination of acoustic sound except a small hole which is attached on ala nasi during the test. Electrical signals front the vibratory sensor and the microphone while the subject is phonating vowel/a/ and nasal consonant /ng/ and phonating 8 syllable sentence /papa/ passage and /mama/ passage were digitized with n 12 bit A/D converter. For the evaluation of the hypernasality, the ratio of /ng/ to /a/ and /mama/ passage to /papa/ passage were used instead of individual values to reduce the observational error. For the evaluation of the hyponasality, the cul-de-sac resonation was induced by obstructing the nasal aperture of the ipsilateral side with the finger. In the normal control group, the ratio of /ng/ to /a/ and /mama/ passage to /papa/ passage was larger than 8. In the hypernasality with nasal emission group. the ratio was decreased markedly(p＜0.01). When the nasal aperture was obstructed with the finger, the vibratory signals of /a/ and /ng/ were increased markedly in the control group and hypernasality group(p＜0.01). However, in the hyponasality group(severe), the increment was minimal. So this system can be used to detect the nasal resonatory disorders objectively and differentiate the hypernasality front hyponasality easily.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.778-791
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• 2005

A novel pneumatic artificial muscle actuator (PAM actuator), which has achieved increased popularity to provide the advantages such as high strength and high power/weight ratio, low cost, compactness, ease of maintenance, cleanliness, readily available and cheap power source, inherent safety and mobility assistance to humans performing tasks, has been regarded during the recent decades as an interesting alternative to hydraulic and electric actuators. However, some limitations still exist, such as the air compressibility and the lack of damping ability of the actuator bring the dynamic delay of the pressure response and cause the oscillatory motion. Then it is not easy to realize the performance of transient response of pneumatic artificial muscle manipulator (PAM manipulator) due to the changes in the external inertia load with high speed. In order to realize satisfactory control performance, a variable damper-Magneto­Rheological Brake (MRB), is equipped to the joint of the manipulator. Superb mixture of conventional PID controller and a phase plane switching control method brings us a novel controller. This proposed controller is appropriate for a kind of plants with nonlinearity, uncertainties and disturbances. The experiments were carried out in practical PAM manipulator and the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm was demonstrated through experiments, which had proved that the stability of the manipulator can be improved greatly in a high gain control by using MRB with phase plane switching control method and without regard for the changes of external inertia loads.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2007

The objective of the research is two fold. The first is to design and propose a stable and robust learning control algorithm. The controller is CMAC Learning Controller which consists of a model-based controller, such as LQR or PID, as a reference control and a CMAC. The second objective is to implement a reference control and CMAC at two different sampling rates. Generally, a conventional controller is designed based on a mathematical plant model. However, increasing complexity of the plant and accuracy requirement on mathematical models nearly prohibits the application of the conventional controller design approach. To avoid inherent complexity and unavoidable uncertainty in modeling, biology mimetic methods have been developed. One of such attempts is Cerebellar Model Articulation Computer(CMAC) developed by Albus. CMAC has two main disadvantages. The first disadvantage of CMAC is increasing memory requirement with increasing number of input variables and with increasing accuracy demand. The memory needs can be solved with cheap memories due to recent development of new memory technology. The second disadvantage is a demand for processing powers which could be an obstacle especially when CMAC should be implemented in real-time. To overcome the disadvantages of CMAC, we propose CMAC learning controller with multiple sampling rates. With this approach a conventional controller which is a reference to CMAC at high enough sampling rate but CMAC runs at the processor's unoccupied time. To show efficiency of the proposed method, an inverted pendulum controller is designed and implemented. We also demonstrate it's possibility as an industrial control solution and robustness against a modeling uncertainty.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.6 no.9
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• pp.81-90
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• 2016

Recently drones have become popular enough to be one of the hobby. The drone refers to an unmanned aerial vehicle which can fly and be steered by a radio wave without a pilot and it has a airplane or helicopter shape. The drone was first started to be used from military purpose, but its usage has been expanded to the private such as construction site, crop-dusting, field discovery, freight shipping and drones to prevent cheating. However the drone that we can see often in the market is expansive, hard to be repaired when it broken down and has a discomfort of the short flight time. In this paper, to solve an uncomfortable talk on the cheap 8-bits microcontrollers ATmega128 Using drone for implementation. Axes gyroscope and accelerometers mcu between posture an attitude control, communications through drone control, pid. Receiver input them into transmitter signals of movements to control drone c the programming was implemented in on the basis of language. drone using ATmega128 microcontroller is possible hovering, By utilizing a pin that are not required for control it can be used as a drone for a variety of uses.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.407-408
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• 2016

A drone has been popularized to such an extent as to be seen in the near parks recently. The drone refers to an unmanned aerial vehicle(UVA) which can fly and be steered by a radio wave without a pilot and it has a airplane or helicopter shape. The drone was first started to be used from military purpose, but its usage has been expanded to the private such as broadcast shooting, crop-dusting, field discovery and hobby. However the drone that we can see often in the market is expansive, hard to be repaired when it broken down and has a discomfort of the short flight time. In this paper, to solve an uncomfortable talk on the cheap ATmega128 Using (Quad copter) drone for implementation. Axes gyroscope and accelerometers mcu between posture an attitude control, communications through drone control, pid. Receiver input them into transmitter signals of movements to control drone c the programming was implemented in on the basis of language.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2017

In recent years, internet of things (IoT) technology has developed rapidly and has been applied in many fields. IoT devices collect and analyze information in various environments and provide useful information to users. Due to the recent increase in IoT devices, many open source platforms based on hardware and software that are cheap and easy to use have been developed and provided. In this paper, we have studied the IoT system based on Arduino which can communicate Bluetooth wireless data with smart phone in real time. And we have developed a wireless system control app based on App Invertor 2 for communication with Android smart phone. Also, we propose an IoT system based on Arduino which can control the devices and implement the function of connectivity between devices.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.512-513
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• 2008

The study examined what effects 100kHz PWM LED light irradiation causes to bone marrow cells of SD-Rat when LED characterized cheap and safe is used onto the light therapy by replacing the low 1evel laser. We developed the equipment palpating cell proliferation using a high brightness LED. This equipment was fabricated using a micro-controller and a high brightness LED, and designed to enable us to control light irradiation time, intensity, frequency and so on. Especially, to control the light irradiation frequency, FPGA was used, and to control the change of output value, TLC5941 was used. Consequent1y, the current value could be controlled by the change of 1eve1 in Continue Wave(CW) and Pulse Width Modulation(PWM), and the output of a high brightness LED could be controlled stage by stage. MTT assay method was chosen to verify the cell increase of two groups and the effect of irradiation on cell proliferation was examined by measuring 590nm transmittance of ELISA reader. As a result, the cell increase of Rat bone marrow cells was verified in 100kHz PWM LED light irradiation group as compared to non-irradiation group.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.2519-2523
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• 2003

Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in mobile robot applications to recognize external environments, because they are cheap, easy to use, and robust under varying lighting conditions. In most cases, a single ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the distance to an object based on time-of-flight (TOF) information, whereas multiple sensors are used to recognize the shape of an object, such as a corner, plane, or edge. However, the conventional sequential driving technique involves a long measurement time. This problem can be resolved by pulse coding ultrasonic signals, which allows multi-sensors to be fired simultaneously and adjacent objects to be distinguished. Accordingly, the current presents a new simultaneous coded driving system for an ultrasonic sensor array for object recognition in autonomous mobile robots. The proposed system is designed and implemented using a DSP and FPGA. A micro-controller board is made using a DSP, Polaroid 6500 ranging modules are modified for firing the coded signals, and a 5-channel coded signal generating board is made using a FPGA. To verify the proposed method, experiments were conducted in an environment with overlapping signals, and the flight distances for each sensor were obtained from the received overlapping signals using correlations and conversion to a bipolar PCM-NRZ signal.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.4713-4718
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of tobacco smoking on the dorsum of the tongue and buccal epithelium. Methodology: This case control cross-sectional study was conducted with 174 smoking and non-smoking volunteers living in the city of Hail, Northern KSA. Cytological Materials were obtained from buccal mucosa and dorsum of the tongue, and assessed using cytopathological methods. Results: In buccal smears, cytological atypia was observed in 17 out of 101 (16.8%) smoker cases but only 3/73(4.1%) of the controls. For cytological atypia in buccal and tongue smears, the adjusted odd ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were found to be 4.7 (1.3-16.8), P < 0.016)) and 4.3 (0.93- 20.2), P <0.06)), respectively, in the two sites. Conclusion: Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for occurrence of cytological atypia, which might subsequently develop into oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. Oral exfoliative cytology is an easy and cheap non-invasive procedure which appears highly suitable for screening populations at risk of developing oral cancer.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.449-456
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of meatal care with 10% betadine or with normal saline on the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) for elderly patients with indwelling urinary catheter in the ICU. Method: A quasi experimental design with non-equivalent control group was used. The 37 patients who participated in this study were 65-year-old or older. Patients in the saline group (n=20) received meatal care with normal saline and those in the betadine group (n=17) received meatal care with 10% betadine once a day for 6 days. Urine cultures were done on the 7th day for both groups to detect UTIs. Results: No difference was observed in the incidence of urinary tract infection between the two groups, regardless of patients' gender, ability to communicate or history of operation. Conclusion: The results indicated that use of saline which is cheap and does not irritate the mucous membrane is effective in preventing UTI within the first 7 days, and can be used instead of betadine for meatal care for elderly patients with indwelling urinary catheter in the ICU.