• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2020

In the 21st-century postmodernism era, which represents diversity and relativity, one of the most essential elements in the field of education is to strengthen individual human values. Accordingly, we must focus on developing capacity in order to adapt to change. It is clear that the medical field maximizes the need for new judgments to solve life-related problems constantly, and this problem-solving capacity is an essential skill for a physician. Problem-solving capacity can be achieved simultaneously with creativity to apply them in an appropriate manner based on standardized expertise and well-trained skills. Creativity is also a key element that medical education is currently pursuing. Many studies on creativity have resulted in confusion and misunderstandings on the concept of creativity due to similar terms and varied definitions, such as creation, innovation, etc. In this study, we attempt to identify the importance of creativity in medical education by comparing and organizing concepts related to creative capacity.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of passive stretching exercises of the scalene muscles known as respiratory accessory muscles, on forced vital capacity. METHODS: Ten of the participants were randomly selected as an experiment group to perform passive stretching exercises on the scalene muscles. Ten additional students were selected randomly as a control group. The forced vital capacity was assessed by using a digital spirometer (Pony FX, COSMED Inc, Italy) both before and after the passive stretching exercises were performed. Subsequently, passive stretching exercises of the scalene muscles were performed in the experimental group. There were no interventions to the control group. RESULTS: As for the forced vital capacity (FVC), the experiment group showed significant increase in items of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in 1 second/vital capacity ($FEV_1/VC$), and maximal expiratory flow 75%(MEF 75%) after the scalenemuscles passive stretching exercises were performed. The control group, however, showed no change. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that passive stretching exercises of the scalene muscles could be helpful for forced vital capacity improvement.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1193-1205
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• 2018

A footing located on slopes possess relatively lower bearing capacity as compared to the footing located on the level ground. The bearing capacity further reduces under seismic loading. The adverse effect of slope inclination and seismic loading on bearing capacity can be minimized by proving sufficient setback distance. Though few earlier studies considered setback distance in their analysis, the range of considered setback distance was very narrow. No study has explored the critical setback distance. An attempt has been made in the present study to comprehensively investigate the effect of setback distance on footing under seismic loading conditions. The pseudo-static method has been incorporated to study the influence of seismic loading. The rate of decrease in seismic bearing capacity with slope inclination become more evident with the increase in embedment depth of footing and angle of shearing resistance of soil. The increase in bearing capacity with setback distance relative to level ground reduces with slope inclination, soil density, embedment depth of footing and seismic acceleration. The critical value of setback distance is found to increase with slope inclination, embedment depth of footing and density of soil. The critical setback distance in seismic case is found to be more than those observed in the static case. The failure mechanisms of footing under seismic loading is presented in detail. The statistical analysis was also performed to develop three equations to predict the critical setback distance, seismic bearing capacity factor ($N_{{\gamma}qs}$) and change in seismic bearing capacity (BCR) with slope geometry, footing depth and seismic loading.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2013

본 연구는 악천후가 교통 흐름에 영향을 미칠 것이라는 전제하에 악천후 상황 중 강설에 따른 고속도로 교통류 특성 변화 중에서도 용량 및 속도 변화에 초점을 맞춰 분석하기 위한 것으로, 자료수집과 통계분석을 통해 연구를 진행하였다. 교통류 특성 변화를 설명하는 요소로 교통량, 속도, 밀도를 선정하여 분석하였으며, 자료수집 대상은 경기도권내 3개 기상관측소 인근 4개 고속도로 7개 기본구간을 조사지점으로 선정하였다. 강설수준별 용량 변화를 분석하기 위해 강설수준을 3단계(Light, Medium, Heavy Snow)로 분류하였다. 분석결과 강설수준에 따른 용량 변화를 살펴보면, 기후 양호시 대비 Light Snow(약한 눈)인 경우 13.2% 감소하였으며, Medium Snow(보통 눈)은 18.6%, Heavy Snow(강한 눈)은 32.0% 감소하는 것으로 나타나 강설수준이 높아질수록 용량 감소율은 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 기상악화는 도로의 운영 효율을 저하시키는 요인으로 작용할 가능성이 매우 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 이에 따라 향후 이를 고려한 도로 설계 및 운영 방법이 제시되어야 한다.

• 대기
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2005

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) introduced the Adaptation Policy Framework (APF) to support the developing countries in order to help to make adaptation policy and strategy to climate change. This study provides the summary of the APF and will help for preparing policy regarding the impact of climate change and its adaptation. APF consists of five basic and two cross-cutting steps. Five basic steps are made of (a) defining project scope and design, (b) assessing current vulnerability and adaptation, (c) assessing future climate-related risks, (d) developing an adaptation strategy, and (e) continuing the adaptation process. Cross-cutting steps consist of engaging stakeholder and enhancing adaptive capacity. The project scope and design process includes four major tasks: scope the project and define its objectives, establish the project team, review and synthesize existing information on vulnerability and adaptation, and design the APF project. The main purpose of assessing current vulnerability and adaptation is to understand the characteristics of current climate-related vulnerability in priority systems and the scope of adaptive responses. Future climate-related risks are assessed in order to characterize future climate-related risks, so that adaptation policies and measures can be designed to reduce the system's exposure to future climate hazard. In developing an adaptation strategy, all of the preceding APF-related work is synthesized into a well-considered strategy that can direct real adaptation action. Continuing the adaptation process is in order to implement and sustain the APF-strategy, polices, and measure. The purpose of involvement of stakeholders is to communicate between individuals and groups about projects. Finally, enhancing adaptive capacity provides guidance on how adaptive capacity can be assessed and enhanced.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

지표 특성 차이에 따라 외부강제력에 대한 차별적인 반응을 보이는 지표 평형온도 분포를 실험하기 위해 에너지 균형 모형(Energy Balance Model, EBM)이 사용되었다. EBM은 입사되는 복사에너지가 각 위도별로 수송되는 에너지와 방출되는 복사에너지의 합과 균형을 이루었을 때의 온도를 산출한다. 지구의 에너지 원천인 태양복사에너지를 전지구 에너지 균형에 있어 중요하게 취급하기 위하여 위도별 알베도 변화뿐만 아니라 해륙의 분포 차이에 따른 에너지 균형을 고려한 지구 평형온도 분포에 관한 실험이 수행되었으며, 입사되는 태양복사에너지량을 강제력으로 하여 위도별 알베도의 선형적인 증감, 극지역 알베도의 5%, 10%, 15% 증감에 대한 반응, 극과 중위도 지역에서의 상반된 증감에 대한 반응을 실험하였다. 그리고 얼음-알베도 피드백의 유무에 대한 실험도 수행되었다. 극지역의 알베도를 증가시키면 입사되는 태양에너지를 차단시켜 위도별 열수송을 감소시키는데 이는 극지역을 저에너지 상태로 유지시킴으로써 저위도에서부터의 에너지 수송을 강화시킨다. 이러한 수송량의 차이로 인해 중위도 지역의 온도 변화는 극지역에 비해 크게 나타난다. 육지는 해양에 비해 열용량이 작기 때문에 평형온도에 도달하는 시간이 짧으며 알베도에 따른 온도변화에 민감하여 해양과의 온도차이를 유발시킨다. 따라서 평형온도는 지표가 가지는 특성인 알베도와 열용량의 차이에 따라 다르게 나타나며 알베도가 증가함에 따라 감소하고 열용량이 작을수록 변화율이 큰 특징이 있다. 얼음-알베도 피드백은 알베도의 선형적인 증가에 따른 지구 평형온도의 감소를 가속화시키지만 국지적으로는 비선형적인 감소를 보인다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2020

This study assessed the reliability of the agricultural water supply based on future climate change scenarios, and suggested plans to improve the reliability in order to promote the adaptability of irrigation water in agricultural reservoirs to climate change. The assessment of agricultural water supply reliability was performed on reservoirs which had a lower water quantity than their design basis and which had recently been subject to drought. In other words, from the irrigation districts of main intake works among the reservoirs managed by the Korea Rural Community Corporation, 1~2 districts in each province-that is, a total of 13 districts -that were recently designated as a district for securing agricultural water (drought prevention district) were selected. Climate change scenarios were applied to the selected districts to analyze their future water supply reliability compared to the current level. All districts selected showed a drought frequency of 4 years or shorter, which demonstrated the need to establish climate change response plans. As plans for responding to climate change, a plan that utilizes supplemental intake works to reduce the area of the irrigation districts of main intake works, and another one that increases the capacity of main intake works were adopted to reanalyze their water supply reliability. When the area of the irrigation districts of main intake works was reduced by about 30~40%, the drought frequency dropped to more than 10 years, securing the reliability of water supply. To secure the reliability by increasing the capacity of main intake works, it was calculated that about 19,000~2,400,000 tons need to be added to each reservoir. In addition, climate change response plans were suggested to improve the reliability of the water supply in each district based on the results of economic analysis.

• Carbon letters
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• 제1권3_4호
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• pp.148-153
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• 2001

The initial irreversible capacity, $Q_i$, is one of the parameters to express the material balancing of the cathode to anode. We introduced new terms, which are the initial intercalation Ah efficiency (IIE) and the initial irreversible specific capacity at the surface ($Q_{is}$), to express precisely the irreversibility of an electrode/electrolyte system. Two terms depended on kinds of active-materials and compositions of the electrode, but did not change with charging state. MPCF had the highest value of IIE and the lowest value of $Q_{is}$ in 1M $LiPE_6$/EC + DEC (1 : 1 volume ratio) electrolyte. IIE value of $LiCoO_2$ electrode was 97-98%, although the preparation condition of the material and the electrolyte were different. $Q_{is}$ value of $LiCoO_2$ was 0~1 mAh/g. MPCF-$LiCoO_2$ cell system had the lowest of the latent capacity. $Q_{is}$ value increased slightly by adding conductive material. IIE and $Q_{is}$ value varied with the electrolyte. By introducing PC to EC+DEC mixed solvent, IIE values were retained, but $Q_{is}$ increased. In case of addition of MP, IIE value increased and $Q_{is}$ value also increased a little.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• 제3C권5호
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• pp.189-193
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• 2003

Initial irreversible capacity (IIC) can be defined by means of the initial intercalation Ah efficiency (IIE) and the initial irreversible specific capacity at the surface (IICs) with the linear-fit range of the intercalation so as to precisely express the irreversibility of an electrode-electrolyte system. Their relationship was IIC = Qc - Q$_{D}$ = (IIE$^{-1}$ - 1) Q$_{D}$ + IICs in the linear-fit range of IIE. Here, Qc and Qd signify charge and discharge capacity, respectively, based on a complete lithium ion battery cell. Charge indicates lithium insertion to carbon anode. Two terms of IIE and IICs depended on the types of active materials and compositions of the electrode and electrolyte but did not change with charging state. In an ideal electrode-electrolyte system, IIE and IICs would be 100%, 0 mAh/g for the electrode and mAh for the cell, respectively. These properties can be easily obtained by the Gradual Increasing of State of Charge (GISOC).OC).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.248-253
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• 2019

Purpose: To improve pulmonary function and decrease in balance ability with increasing forward head position and vertebral curvature, we applied Figure-8 brace to confirm the immediate effect on vital capacity and balance and to see if it is applicable. Methods: A total of 34 elderly women aged 65 or older and young women in their 20s with FHP were screened to measure vital capacity, measuring the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), and measuring the foot pressure to see the change in balance. For statistical analysis, the difference between pre and post values was compared using pared t-test. Results: As a result of vital capacity measurements, there was no significant difference between FEV1 and FVC for women over 65 years old (p>0.05). Young women in their 20s had no significant difference in FEV1 (p>0.05), and FVC had significant differences (p<0.05). In measuring foot pressure to measure balance, both women aged 65 and above and young women in their 20s had a significant decrease in anterior foot pressure, and a significant increase in posterior foot pressure (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study did not positively affect the vital capacity of elderly women with FHP. However, the significant increase in vital capacity of young women in their 20s suggests that contraction of the abdominal muscle is necessary during forced expiration. Therefore, it is believed that proper application and therapeutic interventions should be combined when applying Figure-8 brace.