• 한국가금학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.225-240
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• 2008

Marek's disease virus(MDV) is a highly cell-associated, lymphotropic $\alpha$-herpesvirus that causes paralysis and neoplastic disease in chickens. The disease has been controlled by vaccination which was provided the first evidence for a malignant cancer being controlled by an antiviral vaccine. Marek's disease pathogenesis is complex, involving cytolytic and latent infection of lymphoid cells and oncogenic transformation of $CD4^+$ T cells in susceptible chickens. MDV targets a number of different cell types during its life cycle. Lymphocytes play an essential role, although within them virus production is restricted and only virion are produced. Innate and adaptive immune responses develop in response to infection, but infection of lymphocytes results in immunosuppressive effects. Hence in MDV-infected birds, MDV makes its host more vulnerable to tumour development as well as to other pathogens. All chickens are susceptible to MDV infection, and vaccination is essential to protect the susceptible host from developing clinical disease. Nevertheless, MDV infects and replicates in vaccinated chickens, with the challenge virus being shed from the feather-follicle epithelium. The outcome of infection with MDV depends on a complex interplay of factors involving the MDV pathotype and the host genotype. Host factors that influence the course of MD are predominantly the responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and these are modulated by: age at infection and maturity of the immune system; vaccination status; the sex of the host; and various physiological factors.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.391-396
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• 2018

It is well known that Korean red ginseng has various biological activities. However, there is little knowledge about the antiviral activity of Korean red ginseng and its ginsenosides. In this study, we addressed whether oral administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 and -Rg3 is able to protect against rotavirus (RV) infection. The protective effect of ginsenosides against RV infection was examined using an in vivo experiment model in which newborn mice (10-day-old) were inoculated perorally (p.o.) with $1.5{\times}10^6$ plaque-forming units/mouse of RV strain SA11. When various dosages of ginsenoside-Rb2 (25-250 mg/kg) were administered 3days, 2 days, or 1 day before virus challenge, treatment with this ginsenoside at the dosage of 75 mg/kg 3days before virus infection most effectively reduced RV-induced diarrhea. In addition, consecutive administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 (75 mg/kg) at 3 days, 2 days, and 1 day before virus infection was more effective than single administration on day -3. The consecutive administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 also reduced virus titers in the bowels of RV-infected mice. In an experiment to compare the protective activity between ginsenoside-Rb2 and its two hydrolytic products (20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3), 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, but not 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3, prevented RV infection. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rb2 and its hydrolytic product, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, are promising candidates as an antiviral agent to protect against RV infection.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2013

Both of avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) can cause mild to severe diease in poultry. In this study, clinical signs, macro, and micro lesions were studied. Eighteen six-week-old SPF chicks were divided into 4 groups (E1, E2, E3 and C1) and housed in different rooms of the isolation facility at CAVAC (Daejeon, Korea). The control group (C1) of 3 chicks was housed separately as uninoculated. Experimental groups (E1, E2 and E3) challenged with H9N2 and/or NDV. E1 group was challenged with 0.1 mL A/Kr/Ck/01310/01 (H9N2) $10^{5.6}$ $EID_{50}$ by intranasal, E2 group was challenged with 0.5 mL Kyojeongwon (KJW) $10^{5.0}{\sim}10^{6.0}$ $ELD_{50}$ by intramuscular, and E3 group was challenged with 0.1 mL A/Kr/Ck/01310/01 $10^{5.6}$ $EID_{50}$ by intranasal and 0.5 mL KJW $10^{5.0}{\sim}10^{6.0}$ $ELD_{50}$ by intramuscular 7 days after H9N2 challenge. In clinical signs and gross findings, E1 group showed 0% mortality, anorexia, and hemorrhage of proventriculus and thymus, E2 group showed 100% mortality within 3~5 days after challenge, anorexia, green diarrhea, hemorrhage of proventriculus, proximal esophagus and thymus, enlargement of kidney, and bronze liver, and E3 group showed 100% mortality within 24~36 hours after NDV challenge, depression, anorexia, green diarrhea, hemorrhage of proventriculus, spleen, and lung, enlargement of kidney, and reduction of thymus size and number. In histopathological examination, E1 group showed depletion and necrosis in bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, and E2 and E3 group showed severe lymphocyte depletion and necrosis with destruction of lymphoid organ structures. In conclusion, co-infection of H9N2 with ND virus causes acute disease with high mortality than single infection and the pathologic lesions were more severe.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.128-137
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• 2014

Respiratory viruses can induce acute respiratory disease. Clinical symptoms and manifestations are dependent on interactions between the virus and host immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs), along with alveolar macrophages, constitute the first line of sentinel cells in the innate immune response against respiratory viral infection. DCs play an essential role in regulating the immune response by bridging innate and adaptive immunity. In the steady state, lung DCs can be subdivided into $CD103^+$ conventional DCs (cDCs), $CD11b^+$ cDCs, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). In the inflammatory state, like a respiratory viral infection, monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) are recruited to the lung. In inflammatory lung, discrimination between moDCs and $CD11b^+$ DCs in the inflamed lung has been a critical challenge in understanding their role in the antiviral response. In particular, $CD103^+$ cDCs migrate from the intraepithelial base to the draining mediastinal lymph nodes to primarily induce the $CD8^+$ T cell response against the invading virus. Lymphoid $CD8{\alpha}^+$ cDCs, which have a developmental relationship with $CD103^+$ cDCs, also play an important role in viral antigen presentation. Moreover, pDCs have been reported to promote an antiviral response by inducing type I interferon production rather than adaptive immunity. However, the role of these cells in respiratory infections remains unclear. These different DC subsets have functional specialization against respiratory viral infection. Under certain viral infection, contextually controlling the balance of these specialized DC subsets is important for an effective immune response and maintenance of homeostasis.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.213-216
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• 2004

To confirm the possibility of a wild marine crab, Gaetice depressus, as a carrier for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and to develop an alternative experimental model for WSSV in winter season, the susceptibility of the crab to WSSV was assessed by artificial challenge and subsequently tested for infection by PCR assay. The results revealed that the crabs were as highly susceptible as penaeid shrimps. WSSV caused 100% mortality in G. depressus within 16 days after intramuscular injection. The presence of WSSV in the moribund crabs was confirmed by PCR and was found in gills and muscle tissue. These results suggest that G. depressus can be naturally infected by WSSV via moribund shrimps, and can act as a potential carrier of WSSV. In addition, G. depressus can be used as an alternative experimental animal for WSSV.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.271-275
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• 2001

Phytoalexin scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) was induced in flavedo tissue of lemon fruit inoculated with Penicillium digitatum during heat treatment for 3 days at $36^{\circ}$. The compound was also induced in the flavedo tissue after UV illuminatiion. Induction of scoparone was deteected in the flavedo tissue by histological analysis. This fluorescent scoparone accumulated only on the 4-5 layers of cells adjacent to the inoculation site. Preinoculation with P. digitatum and subsequent heat-treatment induced resistance in the lemon fruit tissues after challenge-inoculation at the site of the first infection. the data obtained in the study suggest that lemon fruit acquired resistance against P. digitatum parallel with the scoparone production at the infection site.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.125-128
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• 1984

The management of the exposed cardiac pacemaker or its lead is a new challenge to the plastic surgeon. This complication is not rare. Coburn et al. [1972] reported less than 5 percent, but Sowton et al. [1974] showed that over a period of 19 years, in a series of 372 patients, the pacing system had to be removed because of local wound breakdown or infection in 10 percent of the cases. The methods used to treat exposure may vary from removal and re-introduction at anterior site to the rotation of local flaps to cover the exposed pacemaker. Recently we have experienced 6 times of migration and recurrent skin ulcerations without pyogenic infection overlying the pacemaker in one patient. We developed a new technique, anchoring the pacemaker to the clavicle by a wire through the hole of clavicle and by creating a pocket under the pectoralis major muscle. Then we would like to emphasize this operating method could be choice of treatment to prevent the migration of pacemaker and the ulceration of skin when complication of implantation of pacemaker is occurred.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.91-93
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• 2008

The weight gain phenomenon associated with sparganosis has been well documented and was first recognized in the 1960s. Many studies have been conducted regarding the plerocercoid growth factor in the larva of Spirometra mansoni. In the present study, we hypothesized that the weight gain may be affected by the adipocyte secreted hormones, i.e., adiponectin, which is secreted from the adipose tissues in case of tissue migrating parasitic infections. Specifically, we attempted to ascertain whether the serum levels of adiponectin change in murine sparganosis. However, serum adiponectin levels assayed by ELISA evidenced no significant changes after an experimental infection (P > 0.05). Finally, the weight gain phenomenon in mouse sparganosis is not associated with changes in adiponectin levels, and further investigations involving parasitic infection-induced weight gain remain necessary.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.755-757
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• 2015

Mouse models of chronic toxoplasmosis and atopic dermatitis (AD) were combined to clarify the effect of opportunistic Toxoplasma gondii infection on the development of AD. AD was induced as a chronic contact hypersensitivity (CHS) with repeated challenge of 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB) on the dorsal skin of mice. TNCB induced skin thickness increases in both normal and toxoplasmic mice. The changing patterns were different from the sigmoidal which saturated at 20 days in normal mice to the convex saturated at 12 days in toxoplasmic mice with the crossing at 18 days. Compared to normal mice, toxoplasmic mice presented CHS more severely in earlier times and then moderately in later times. These data suggest that host immune modification by T. gondii infection enhances CHS in early times of atopic stimulation but soothes the reaction of CHS in later times in mouse model.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.280-283
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• 2018

Knee revision arthroplasty following peri-prosthetic joint infections is a formidable challenge. Patients are at a high risk of recurrent infection, and the soft tissue over the revised implant is often of questionable quality. Flap reconstruction has improved the salvage rates of infected arthroplasties, and should be considered in all cases of revision arthroplasty. We present a challenging case requiring staged reconstruction with two free latissimus dorsi flaps after the initial use of a medial gastrocnemius flap.