• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.86-91
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• 2006

This study is aimed to provide a guide for PC use space in apartment. To achieve this, a design about PC use space which was considered adequate location, area, form was suggested. As methods of the study, survey research method and case study. The survey was taken by five hundred-eighty-nine people who used PCs in apartment from May 2005 to July 2005 in Je-Ju province for an analysis of data. The results of the survey were showed PC use space situation and furnitures layout patterns. The case was classified by unit plans of size, and it showed design example of PC use space. In case of the 20s pyeong(about 3.30 square meters) type, PC use space was located in dead-space in the residence with minimum scale, because of 20s pyeong types are smaller than the other types. In case of the 30s pyeong type, PC use space which was divided with a partition panel was located in the livingroom expanding the room space to the balcony. In case of the 40s pyeong type, PC use space was located in the room of sons or daughters which was arranged with other furniture. The adequate area of PC use space is 1.4$^{\sim}$2.2 square meters, and it should take into account furniture size and human active sphere. And PC use space of form should consider traffic line, personal space and privacy. Besides it is required of ergonomic design in chair, table in its scale. And it is necessary development of systematic furniture for PC use space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.10-20
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• 2014

This study was carried out for the purpose of analysis correlations between street furniture design elements and preference of street furniture. This research analyzed the various street furniture set on Ilsan new town street, which are rest, hygiene, light, information, sale, traffic, and landscape. This study has processed by analysing street furniture literature investigation and consideration of theory. First, for analysed effect of street furniture element, has been appear as element 'relaxation facilities', 'information facilities', landscape facilities' mainly effect on street. Specially, 'rest', 'landscape', 'information' in order had a major influence on scenery. Each kind of 'chair elements' in rest facilities, 'sign board' in information facilities, 'sculpture', 'fountain' in 'landscape facilities' has analyzed as the main elements in the landscape affinity property affecting factor. Second, the results of analyzed landscape elements (shape, colour, texture, scale) affect to the affinity of street furniture. chair which are included in rest facilities affect "texture", "form", "scale", "color" in the order of preference of the molding design elements that influence landscape. Particularly, showed statistically significant on 'colour' element affecting the landscape preference than the other three elements. It means as the chair element which is rest facilities mainly affect on preferences, rather than texture, form, scale, colour. Monument in the landscape associated with a preference 'colour', 'shape', 'texture' 'scale' and appears to be in order of impact so we could get the consequence like chair and rest facilities show different aspects of the respectively. It means, visual element which are colour and shape significantly impact on landscape preferences. Third, information facilities such as signboard formative elements of landscape design preferences and correlation with negative showed that the correlation. That mean if the sign board is very negative influence on landscape preferences and the correlations of the design formative elements appear in order of 'scale', 'colour', 'texture'. It also means that the 'scale' namely the size of advertising material and colour are adversely affected in terms of landscape. As these results, when design street furniture as the street scenery, facilities according to the kind of the shape element and need to focus on relative shape element according to the kind of facilities difference. Finally, so far as to clarify the street furniture, mainly 'function' and 'system' classification shows undesirable in outdoor scape. Thus, performed studies in relationship with landscape, classify 'kind of facilities' is more desirable than 'system'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.45-52
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• 2014

Recently, Korean people are more interested in leisure time as the Korean economy has enjoyed the economic growth on a continual basis. Along with it, the disabled people's demand for enjoying the beach is growing. To meet the disabled people's demand for enjoy the beaches, it is important to prepare the convenient facilities where the disabled people in the wheel chair can use comfortably, including the handicapped parking area, toilet for the disabled, shower stall room and am bathhouse. On the backdrop of this, the study has been made on the obstacles which keep the disabled people from using the convenient facilities installed on 12 beaches in the southern coat of Korea from the perspective of barrier free design. This study showed that half of the beaches in question did not have the handicapped parking places. The parking space was also so narrow that it was difficult for handicapped people to access the parking lot with their vehicles. There were also 3 beaches which did not have the toilet for the disabled. Even the beaches which have the toilet for the disabled, the size of entrance door and floor space was so narrow and there were a lot of physical obstacles such as no handles for the disabled people that it was really hard for the disabled people in wheelchair to use them.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.2 s.19
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• pp.47-58
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze the historical and environmental background of the straight-line-shaped plan emerged in northeast region of China during the Qing dynasty. This raper is mainly based on the writings in Yeon-haeng-rok. The results are summarized as follows: First the necessity of a lot of sunshine due to the cold climate in that region made the people select the plan that rooms to be added side by side. Second, it was not necessary to build the house with non-straight-line-shaped plan due to the reason that the northeast region of China is so vast and the size of the house lot was not limited. Third, the condition of family income somewhat affect the shape of plan to be straight-line-shaped, which is much economical to construct a house than other shape of plan. Fourth, the way of living of the people in that region during the Qing dynasty made the house plan straight-line-shaped which is convenient to sit either on the floor or on the chair within a room. Fifth, straight-line-shaped plan became an adequate means to represent the hierarchy of the use of inner space of a house and eventually became an architectural norm of this region.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.85-94
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• 1998

In this study we tested the physiological influence on human-body according to clothing pressure with reduction rate and varied posture using three kinds of belt with different width. The width of belts were 2.5cm, 3.5cm and 4.5cm, and reduction rates of belts were 0%, 2.5% and 5% of the subject/s waist size respectively. the measured postures were standing state and sitting stste in the chair. The reasults are as follows; 1. Clothing pressure was high in the order of Side part>Front part>Back part and the rate fo change in the side part was highest, according to the reductio rate of belts. The more the width of belt was wide, the less the clothing pressure was small, and this kind of phenomenon could be explained by "The Principle of the power". 2. Both the rate of reduction of belt and the change of average skin temperature in accordance with the width of belt is small, however, the more the width of belts is wider and the reduction rate is bigger, the more the skin temperature at the waist part is increased. 3. The blood pressure and pulse was influenced when the width of belt was narrow and the reduction rate was high. 4. A sense restraining was much influenced by the width of belt, especially when the width of belts was wide, the significant difference was permitted.permitted.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.12-22
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• 2012

The demand on design for human diversity is increasing in the field of spatial design. This study evaluated the spatial environment of G elementary school in point of universal design. The study was carried out by the observing and measuring method and the survey method. It focused on 53 universal design related items which consisted of 5 principles; accessibility, supportiveness, adaptiveness, safety, and equality. The subjects for the survey were 170 students from first to sixth grade of G elementary school. Findings were as follows ; 1) The elementary school had many barriers for the wheelchair users to use. 2) The width of door and passage between desks, and the front and back space in classroom were not wide to pass through. Also, the students responded that the size of desk, chair, and individual locker was not enough. That is, Some items of accessibility and supportiveness were not met in classrooms. 3) Most items related to restroom were evaluated negatively by the students. 4) The dining tables were arranged monotonously in a rows. This emphasized the institutional mood. 5) Some evaluations to their school environment were significantly different by their gender and grade.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.46-56
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• 2012

Though Korea and China have a lot of things in common, these two countries have developed different housing style. However, after modernization, apartments have become major housing style in both Korea and China. So this research analyzed 240 apartment plans which was build in Seoul and Beijing in 2000s and 2010s to predict the future trends for apartments. The results are as follows: The opening direction of the front door will be outwards as the hallway space of small apartments in China become wider as the living standards is increasing. Because of the floor sitting lifestyle, Koreans end outdoor activities when take off their shoes at the entrance hall and continue for indoor activities, they separate entrance hall from livingroom. However, because Chinese have chair sitting lifestyle, entrance hall and livingroom is not divided. Korean apartment shows a trend which connects livingroom, diningroom and kitchen altogether; however, Chinese apartment shows a trend which separates kitchen from livingroom and diningroom. Bedrooms are showing a trend of distributed layout. Master bedroom are showing a trend which includes separate bathroom or attached room as the size of apartment increases and so on.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 2021

Sponge ball cleaning can generate an abrasion effect, which leads to an attractive increasing in both permeate flux and membrane rejection. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the daily sponge ball cleaning (SBC) on the performance of different UF cross-flow membrane modules integrated with a bioreactor. Two 1"-membrane modules and one 1/2"-membrane module were tested. The parameters measured and controlled are temperature, pH, viscosity, particle size, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total suspended solids (TSS), and permeate flux. The permeate flux could be improved by 60%, for some modules, after 11 days of daily sponge ball cleaning at a transmembrane pressure of 350 kPa and a flow velocity of 4 m/s. Rejection values of all tested modules were improved by 10%. The highest permeate flux of 195 L/㎡.h was achieved using a 1"-membrane module with the aid of its negatively charged membrane material and the daily sponge ball cleaning. In addition, the enhancement in the permeate flux caused by daily sponge ball cleaning improved the energy specific demand for all tested modules. The negatively charged membrane showed the lowest energy specific demand of 1.31 kWh/㎥ in combination with the highest flux, which is a very competitive result.

• Composites Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.50-53
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• 2009

This paper mainly describes the armor materials, especially the ceramic materials for the personal protection. In the ceramic armor materials, B4C ceramics and SiC ceramics are the most popular materials. The $B_4C$ ceramics which consists of 4 atoms of boron and I atom of carbon is very light and strong. It is usually used to personal protection armor and chair protection in the helicopter. This material must be sintered at very high temperature because it melts at $2400^{\circ}C$. In order to have a good armor property, it must have very high density which is achieved by hot press or subsidiary sintering aid methods such as reducing the particle size of raw materials or mixing the sintering agents to the raw materials.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.488-496
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• 2019

This study investigated if the proper pressure level on the wrist tendon area and muscle area of the lower arm are within the same range by examining the responses of blood flow and subjective evaluation. Subjects consisted of 18 males in their 20s, and the experimental bands were custom-made by applying size measurements of each subject. In the experiment, a total of 5 steps were selected by reducing 10 (Step 1) to 50 (Step 5)% from the original body size in the circumferential direction. Blood flow was measured with a sensor attached to the tip of the finger inside the right hand while sitting in a chair for 15 minutes. Blood velocity began to increase (0.82 kPa) when the wrist circumference around tendon area was reduced by 20% (Step 2) and reached its maximum (1.72 kPa) at Step 4. However, the preferred subjective pressure was 1.36 kPa, which was less than the maximum pressure value of 1.72 kPa for Step 4. Blood velocity began to increase when pressure on the muscle area was 1.38 kPa and reached its maximum at 2.16 kPa; however, the most preferred clothing pressure was 1.71 kPa. The results of this study showed that the appropriate pressure level was higher in the muscle area than in the wrist tendon of the lower arm and indicated that graduated compression is favorable.