• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2001

The amylose content, based on iodine blue value, of eight rice cultivars decreased in order of Nampungbyeo>Whachungbyeo>Punchilmi>Nampung CB243>Whachung du-1>Nampung EM90>Whachungchalbyeo>shr. The amylopectin chain length distribution was obtained by enzyme treatments followed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatographic separation. Chain length distribution profiles of the isoamylase-debranched starches showed distinct patterns according to cultivars. Based on the sensory evaluation result of the bread prepared from gluten and rice flours of eight rice cultivars, chewiness of the product was related with the presence of amylose while the short-chain amylopectin fraction was contributed to the texture and overall quality.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.24 no.1_2
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• pp.505-511
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• 2007

In this paper, we examine the Markov chain $\{X_k,\;N_k;\;k=0,\;1,...$. We show that the marginal steady state distribution of Xk is discrete phase type. The implication of this result is that the queue length distribution of phase type for large number of examples where this Markov chain is applicable and shows a queueing application by matrix geometric methods.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.470-473
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• 2005

Starch was isolated from turnip (Brassica rapa L.), and to elucidate the structure-function relationship its structural and physical properties were characterized. Morphological structure of the starch was analyzed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Most of the starch granules were spherical in shape with diameter ranging from 0.5-10mm. Apart from larger granules ($<10\;{\mu}m$) which dominated the population size of turnip starch, significant amount of small ($0.5-2\;{\mu}m$) and mid-size granules (${\sim}\;{\mu}m$) were also detected. It was revealed that presumably, erosion damages occurred due to the attack of amylase-type enzymes on the surface of some granules. Branch chain-length distribution was analyzed by HPAEC (High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography). The chain-length distribution of turnip starch revealed a peak at DP12 with obvious shoulder at DP18-21. The weight-average chain length ($CL_{avg}$) was 16.6, and a large proportion (11.8%) of very short chains (DP6-9) was also observed. The melting properties of starch were determined by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). The onset temperature ($T_o$) and the enthalpy change (${\Delta}H$) of starch gelatinization were $50.5^{\circ}C$ and 12.5 J/g, respectively. The ${\Delta}H$ of the retrograded turnip starch was 3.5 J/g, which indicates 28.2% of recrystallization. Larger proportion of short chains as well as smaller average chain-length can very well explain relatively lower degree of retrogradation in turnip starch.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2000

stract : Fourteen varieties of glutinous rices were examined on amylopectin fine structure and physicochemical properties of starch granules. The amylopectin chain length distribution and short chain/long chain ratio were investigated by enzymatic treatments followed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatographic separation. Chain length distribution profiles of the isoamylase-debranched amylopectins showed distinct patterns according to varieties. Beongok showed the highest short chain/long chain ratio, while TP2579A1 showed the lowest one. Sharebyeo-152-1-B showed the highest hydrolysis rate to 15% $H_2SO_4$, while Sandong 47 showed the lowest one. Fourteen varieties of rice starch granules showed A-type pattern on X-ray diffractograms. Non-gelitinized starch granules from Keochang 1 and Beongok had almost 100% hydrolysed by glucoamylase for 3 hrs at $370^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.45-54
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• 2020

Purpose: Indonesia's maritime logistics and distribution system is currently faced with several challenges, some of which include prolonged export and import time for goods handling as well as the high logistics cost. This study further analyzes the existing business processes in maritime logistics in East Java Province in order to provide solutions to the challenges. Research design, data and methodology: This research was carried out in East Java Province, Indonesia, with data collected through field observations, documentation, and in-depth interviews with all the stakeholders involved. Results: The study showed that the number of stakeholders and activities involved in the flow of goods movement ultimately impacted the length of time. These factors can be classified into the following five: 1) export and import regulations, 2) third party logistics competencies, 3) transportation infrastructure and facilities, 4) adoption of information systems and technology, and 5) maritime line connectivity. Conclusion: Analyzing the three supply chain flows in the maritime logistics and distribution industry called for the need for improvement to increase coordination among related institutions, improve the flexibility of dwelling time to the conditions of each port, enhance service levels, improve transportation infrastructure and facilities, implement information system and technology, and develop shipping routes and networks. Therefore, a collaborative supply chain management system can be realized.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1009-1011
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• 2009

Nano-structured conducting polypyrroles were synthesized in the ionic liquids (ILs) based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium family with tetrachloroferrate as an anion ($C_n\;mim\;[FeCl_4]\;with\;n\;=\;4,\;8,\;and\;12$). The polypyrrole nanostructures synthesized in ILs were formed as spherical shapes. For ionic liquids with alkyl side chain length $C_4,\;C_4\;mim\;[FeCl_4]$, the size of particles was ranged around 60-nm with a relatively narrow size distribution. As the length of alkyl chain increases, the particle sizes become larger and their distributions become wider. The self-assembled local structures in the solvent ionic liquids are likely to serve as templates of highly organized nano-structured polymers. The length of the alkyl chain in ionic liquids seems to affect these local structures.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.173-198
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• 1996

Distribution of farm produce in Korea is known to be inefficient due to the numerous stages that exist in the distribution channel. This has resulted in dissatisfaction for both farmer and consuers; farmers sell their produce at low prices to middlemen while consumers pay high prices for them because of price increases that occur in the distribution chain. We apply Spengler's theory of double marginalization to show that price increases are inevitable as the length of the farm distribution chain increases. We then show that the negative effects of double marginalization can be contained by setting up a physical distribution center. The physical distribution center effectively reduces the stages in the distribution from 5 or 6 stages to 3 or 4 stages. We also lay out the design and major characteristics of the distribution center, as well as the expected cost savings.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.329-329
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• 2017

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different harvesting time on pasting properties of starch in three colored rices. Seven major parameters of starch pasting properties, peak viscosity (PKV), hot pasting viscosity (HPV), cool pasting viscosity (CPV), setback (CPV minus PKV), breakdown (PKV minus HPV), peak time, and pasting time were determined by Rapid Visco Analyzer. The peak viscosity, hot viscosity, cool viscosity and peak time were influenced by different harvesting times. Pasting time was delayed slightly with prolonged harvesting time in all rice cultivars. Pasting temperature in each rice cultivar differed from each harvesting time, and pasting temperature of the two rice cultivars, Hongjinju and Joseongheugchal, showed the highest at the 40 days after heading and then it decreased at the final harvesting time. With the delay of the harvesting time, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, cool viscosity, setback value and pasting temperature did not exhibit a regular trend depending on their genetic characteristics. Branch chain length distribution of amylopectin was demonstrated a distinct difference among these colored rices. In changes of amylopectin branch chain-length distribution, the amylopectin structure of Hongjinju rice cultivar as affected by different harvesting time, the shortest chain length of amylopectin in rice starch harvested at 20 days after heading was characterized by the significant increase in A chains with $DP{\geq}12$ and remarked decrease in long chains $37{\leq}DP$ compared to that of 30, 40, and 50 days after heading. In particular, when harvesting time is delayed the distribution percentage of short chain (A chains with $DP{\geq}12$) was increased except for the rice which harvested 20 days after heading. The similar results were also observed in Sintoheugmi rice cultivar like that of Hongjinju rice cultivar. Otherwise, distribution percentage of the shortest chain length of amylopectin in rice starch harvested at 20 days after heading was characterized by the significant decrease in A chains with $DP{\geq}12$ and remarked increase in B chains $13{\leq}DP{\geq}24$ compared to that of 30, 40, and 50 days after heading.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.277-292
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• 2006

We consider a single-server queue with service time distribution of phase type where positive customers, negative customers and disasters arrive according to a Markovian arrival process with marked transitions (MMAP). We derive simple formulae for the stationary queue length distributions. The Laplace-Stieltjes transforms (LST's) of the sojourn time distributions under the combinations of removal policies and service disciplines are also obtained by using the absorption time distribution of a Markov chain.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.235-244
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• 2009

Miscible polymer blends still have heterogeneity in their component chain concentration in the segmental length scale because of the chain connectivity (that results in the self-concentration of the segments of respective chains) as well as the dynamic fluctuation over various length scales. As a result, the blend components feel different dynamic environments to exhibit different temperature dependence in their segmental relaxation rates. This type of dynamic heterogeneity often results in a broad glass transition (sometimes seen as two separate transitions), a broad distribution of the local (segmental) relaxation modes, and the thermo-rheological complexity of this distribution. Furthermore, the dynamic heterogeneity also affects the global dynamics in the miscible blends if the component chains therein have a large dynamic asymmetry. Thus, the superficially simple miscible blends exhibit interesting dynamic behavior. This article gives a brief summary of the features of the segmental and global dynamics in those blends.