• Title/Summary/Keyword: cereal crop

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Changes of Feed Quality at Different Cutting Dates among Five Winter Cereals for Whole-Crop Cereal Silage in Middle Region (중부지역에서 총체맥류의 예취시기별 사료가치 변화)

  • Ju, Jung-Il;Lee, Joung-Jun;Park, Ki-Hun;Lee, Hee-Bong
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.187-196
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    • 2009
  • The objectives of this study were to evaluate the different cutting dates on the changes of feed quality among five cereals (barley, wheat, rye, triticale and oat) for whole crop silage. Field trials were conducted at paddy field in Yesan, Chungnam Province and the aerial parts were clipped 10 days from 15 March to 15 June. Changes of acid detergent fiber (ADF) content in relation to different cutting dates was described by a quadratic curve for 5 winter cereals crops. ADF content reached a maximum at 5 days after heading in barley cultivar 'Youngyang', 7 days in wheat 'Keumkang', 18 days in rye 'Gogu', 1 days in triticale 'Shinyoung' and 10 days in oat 'Samhan'. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were linearly increased as growing after overwintering and stagnated or slightly decreased after heading. The crude protein were linearly decreased throughout the growth period of 5 whole crop cereals. Digestible dry matter (DDM) content were decreased from early stages to heading and subsequently increased as grain filling. Relative feed value (RFV) for 5 crops were decreased as growing and subsequently increased as grain filling after heading. Barley cultivar for only forage use 'Youngyang' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of other cereals for forage use. So, barley for whole crop silage was a good crop with high feed quality and high proportion of spikes compared with other winter cereal crops. Wheat cultivar for grain 'Keumkang' were higher at crude protein than those of other four cereals from overwintering to maturing and were higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of rye, triticale and oat. Rye cultivar with cold tolerant and high fresh yielding 'Gogu' were highest at ADF and NDF content and lowest at DDM content and RFV. So, rye was a crop with low quality for forage use compared to other winter cereal crops. Triticale cultivar with flourishing and high yielding 'Shinyoung' was intermediated between barley and rye, and were linearly increased at DDM yield by different cutting dates. Oat cultivar with cold tolerant and high tillering 'Samhan' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at crude protein before heading, but after heading, there are not especially advantages compared to barley, wheat or triticale.

Effect of Low Radiation During Grain Filling Stage on Rice Yield and Grain Quality (등숙기 일사 저하가 쌀 수량 및 품질에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Ki-Young;Ko, Jong-Cheol;Shin, Woon-Cheol;Park, Hyun-Su;Baek, Man-Kee;Nam, Jeong-Kwon;Kim, Bo-Kyeong;Lee, Jeom-Ho
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.59 no.2
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    • pp.174-180
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    • 2014
  • This study was conducted to know the effect of low radiation during grain filling stage of rice on its grain yield, components, physicochemical properties and palatability, compared to the effect of natural light. Ripened grain ratio, 1000 grain weight of brown rice, milled rice yield of Mipum, Hopum, and Sindongjin were reduced as the shading treatments become higher. After harvest, physicochemical properties of rice influencing eating quality were investigated. Protein content of milled rice was increased, but palatability was decreased by shading treatments. Change of milled rice proteins and palatability due to shading treatments were found to be less in Mipum than that in Hopum and Sindongjin. With regard to amylogram properties, shading treatments resulted in a significant decrease in peak trough final breakdown viscosities of rice flour, though it increased pasting temperature and setback viscosity. The degree of the 55% shading effect was more intensive than the 35% shading effect in changes of ripened grain ratio, 1000 grain weight of brown rice, milled rice yield and milled rice protein.

Characteristics of Biochemical Markers and Whole-Wheat Flours Using Small-Scaled Sampling Methods in Korean Wheats

  • Park Chul Soo;Kim Yang-Kil;Han Ouk-Kyu;Lee Mi Ja;Park Jong-Chul;Seo Jae-Hwan;Hwang Jong-Jin;Kim Jung-Gon;Kim Tae Wan
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.50 no.5
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    • pp.346-355
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    • 2005
  • To investigate the application of biochemical markers' and small-sample methods using whole-wheat flours for screening in early generation in Korean wheat breeding system, 74 Korean wheats, including cultivars, local breeding lines and experimental lines, were analyzed. Seed storage protein and amylose contents of grains were evaluated. Biochemical makers, including granule bound starch synthase (GBSS), high molecular weigh glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and friabilin were also evaluated by using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryla-mide gel electrophoresis with a single kernel. The small­sample methods, including modified SDS-sedimentation test (MST), micro-alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC) and whole-wheat flour swelling volume (WSV) were also tested in this study. Protein content, MST and AWRC was $11.0 - 15.8\%$, 2.7 - 26.2 ml and $71.9 - 109.7\%$, respectively. Apparent and total amylose content and WSV was $20.6 - 25.0\%$, $26.1 - 32.4\%$ and 9.0 - 16.9 ml, respectively. There were highly significant correlations between MST and AWRC (r=0.592, P<0.001), but Korean wheats showed no significant difference in protein content, amylose content and small-sample methods. In the biochemical markers, Korean wheats contained all three GBSS encoded by Wx loci, except for Suwon 252. Korean wheats showed the high frequency ($58.1\%$) of 1Dx2.2 + 1Dy12 subunits of HMW-GS. Friabilin band was present in 46 lines ($62.2\%$) and absent in 28 lines ($37.8\%$). Friabilin-absence lines showed the higher MST (14.9 ml) and AWRC ($92.1\%$) value than friabilin-presence lines (8.5 ml and $82.4\%$, respectively).

Importance of National Crop Productivity in View of CO2 Balance (탄산가스 배출과 국내 작물 생산성의 중요성)

  • Shin, Jin-Chul;Kim, Jun-Hwan;Shon, Ji-Young;Yang, Woon-Ho;Lee, Chung-Guen;Yang, Won-Ha
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.65-68
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    • 2008
  • Crop production in a country is very crucial not only in a country's crop self-sufficiency, but also in carbon recycle. Crop can capture and store the emitted $CO_2$ by cereal food consumption. However, imported cereal food is not concerned in carbon recycle and this hinders the accurate estimation of carbon recycle. Korea imports major grain products including wheat, corn, soybean, and rice and about 90% of the grain composition consists of carbohydrate, protein and lipid. Carbon portions in carbohydrate, protein and lipid are 45, 53, and 77%, respectively. When the carbon portions are digested and converted into $CO_2$ completely, one ton of rice, wheat, corn, and soybean can release 1.51, 1.63, 1.56, and 1.56 tons of $CO_2$ to the atmopshere, respectively. Based on this premise, the evolved $CO_2$ calculated from imported grains for the last 4 years in Korea was over 21 MT of $CO_2$. This amount is equivalent to 4.8 billion US dollars in the conception of carbon tax. These results suggest that a decrease in a cereal import(i.e, an increase in a country's crop self-sufficiency) can lower $CO_2$ release to the atmosphere.

'Joseong', a New Early-Heading Forage Triticale Cultivar for Paddy Field of Double Cropping (이모작 재배에 적합한 조숙성 조사료용 트리티케일 신품종 '조성')

  • Han, Ouk-Kyu;Park, Tae-Il;Park, Hyung-Ho;Song, Tae-Hwa;Ju, Jung-Il;Jeung, Jae-Hyun;Kang, Sung-Joo;Kim, Dae-Ho;Choi, Hong-Jib;Park, Nam-Geon;Kim, Kee-Jong;Hwang, Jong-Jin;Baek, Seong-Beum;Kwon, Young-Up
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.193-202
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    • 2012
  • 'Joseong', a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2010. The cultivar 'Joseong' was selected from the cross FAHAD_5/RHINO1R.1D 5+10 5D'5B'//FAHAD_5 by CIMMYT (Mexico) in 1992. Subsequent generations were handled in pedigree selection program at Mexico from 1993 to 1998, and a line 'CTSS92Y-A-4Y-0M-5Y-0B' was selected for earliness and good agronomic characteristics. After preliminary and advance yield test in Korea for 2 years, the line designated as a line name of 'Iksan26'. The 'Iksan26' was subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield in 7 different locations such as Jeju, Iksan, Cheongwon, Yesan, Naju, Daegu, and Jinju from 2008 to 2010 and finally named as 'Joseong'. The cultivar 'Joseong' has characteristics of dark green leaf, yellow culm and spike, and large grain of yellowish brown color. The heading date of cultivar 'Joseong' was April 24, which was 5 days earlier than that of check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. It showed better tolerance or resistance to lodging, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust than those of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The average forage dry matter yield of cultivar 'Joseong' at milk-ripe stage was 14.5 MT $ha^{-1}$, which was lower than 16.5 MT $ha^{-1}$ of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The silage quality of 'Joseong' (5.3%) was lower to the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (6.0%) in crude protein content, while was 2.1% superior to the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (61.9%) in TDN (total digestible nutrients). It showed 5.1 MT $ha^{-1}$ of grain yield, which was 40% higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (3.65 MT $ha^{-1}$). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing crop in the area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than $-10^{\circ}C$ in January, and as a winter crop using whole crop forage before planting rice in around Korea.

Effects of Seed Size Variation on Germination and Seeding Vigour of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) (수수의 종자크기가 종자활력과 출아에 미치는 영향)

  • Jung, Ki-Yuol;Yun, Eul-Soo;Park, Chang-Young;Choi, Young-Dae;Hwang, Jae-Bok;Jeon, Seung-Ho
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.57 no.3
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    • pp.219-225
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    • 2012
  • Seed size has been considered as an effective criteria for selection of the most vigorous seeds in sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]. The smaller seeds were inferior to the larger sizes in emergence and grain yield. This study was conducted to determine germination rate, field emergence and vigor of sorghum for selection of high quality seed by different seed size. Sorghum cultivar of two (Hwanggeumchal and Tojong) were separated into five seed size proportion (<2.36, 2.80, 3.15, 3.35 and >3.55 mm diam.) according to seed size. The larger seed was more higher 1,000 seeds weight, seed density, carbohydrates and protein content. Total seed germination performing varied 92% at the largest size (>3.55 mm diam.) frequently inferior to slightly 67% at smaller seed (2.36 to 2.80 mm diam.) in the standard germination test. Seed size did have a significant effect on mean emergence time (MET) and maximum emergence rate index (ERI) and percentage of emergence. It should be noted that the results refer to MET of sorghum seeds ranging from 4.26 to 4.74 days. The relationship of seed size was not only to stand establishment but to grain yield. Yield was most affected by seed size and large seeds were superior to the smaller seed in 25~37% of the cases. Especially, yield was significant under 3.15 mm the beginning.

A New Naked Oat Cultivar for Human Food, "Daeyang" with High-Yielding and Good-Quality (조숙 대립 양질 다수성 식용 쌀귀리 "대양")

  • Han, Ouk-Kyu;Park, Hyoung-Ho;Heo, Hwa-Young;Park, Tae-Il;Seo, Jae-Hwan;Park, Ki-Hun;Kim, Jung-Gon;Hong, Yun-Gi;Kim, Dae-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.41 no.1
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    • pp.56-60
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    • 2009
  • A new naked oat cultivar Daeyang (Avena sativa L.) was developed by Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2007. It was derived from a cross between 'FLX446-1-84-Q1'. and 'SO92004-B-3-3-5-7'. The FLX446-1-84-Q1, a naked oat cultivar from USA, is early heading and has good seed quality, while the SO92004-B-3-3-5-7, a covered oat breeding line, has a high yield with large grain. Subsequent generations were handled in a bulk method and pedigree selection program, and the SO97013-B-16-4 was selected based on agronomic performance in 2001. The line showed both high yield and good husking rate of seed in the yield trial tested at Suwon from 2002 to 2003, being designated as Gwiri51. The Gwiri51 was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield in four locations, Gimje, Iksan, Jeongeup, and Jinju, from 2004 to 2007 and was designated as "Daeyang" and released. Its heading date was May 8 and maturing time was June 14 in a paddy field condition. The new cultivar Daeyang had 97 cm of culm length and 25.2 cm of spike length, 644 spikes per $m^2$, 65 grains per spike, 30.3 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 635 g of test weight. Daeyang showed better winter hardiness than that of the check cultivar 'Sunyang', and similar seed quality to the check cultivar in respect to percent content crude protein and $\beta$-glucan. However, it showed higher husking rate than the check cultivar. Grain yield of Daeyang in the regional yield trial for 4 years were averaged 4.18 MT $ha^{-1}$, which was 20% higher than that of the check cultivar Sunyang. Fall sowing cropping is recommended only in a south area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than $-4^{\circ}C$ in January, and should be excluded in mountain area where frost damage is presumable.

Wheat Research and Technology in Australia (오스트레일리아에 있어서 소맥(小麥)의 연구(硏究)와 가공기술(加工技術))

  • Marston, P.E.
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.84-88
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    • 1977
  • Cereal production and utilization in Australia are described briefly. Emphasis is on wheat which is the principal cereal crop for both 'home' use and for export. Some of the main fields of research on wheat quality and process technology are outlined. Reference is made to basic scientific studies in plant physiology, biochemistry and dough rheology, and a more detailed account is given of work at the Bread Research Institute on milling and baking technology.

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Weed control as affected by herbicide in winter cereal crops (맥류재배에서 제초제에 따른 잡초방제 효과)

  • Won, Ok Jae;Park, Kee Woong;Park, Su Hyuk;Eom, Min Yong;Kang, Kwang Sik
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.93-98
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    • 2015
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of herbicide in winter cereal crops, barley and wheat. The efficacy of soil-applied herbicides, linuron EC and pendimethalin, thiobencarb GR was greater than that of butachlor EC. Linuron EC controlled average 95% and pendimethalin, thiobencarb GR controlled average 97% within 150 days after soil-applied treatment. When compared with untreated control, no visual injuries were detected at single and double dosage of linuron EC and pendimethalin, thiobencarb GR. The yield of barley increased in linuron EC and wheat increased in pendimethalin, thiobencarb GR treatments when compared with butachlor EC. The efficacy of foliage treatment, bentazone+propanil ME was greater than that of bentazone SL. Bentazone+propanil ME controlled average 96% in barley and 97% in wheat, within 30 days after foliage treatment. When compared with untreated control, no visual injuries were detected at single and double dosage of bentazone+propanil ME. The yield of barley and wheat increased in bentazone+propanil ME treatments when compared with bentazone SL. Based on these data, combinations of these herbicides could be applied to provide effective weed management in barley and wheat field.

A New Early Maturing Rice Cultivar with High Quality and Good Taste, 'Geumyeong' (중산간지 적응 조숙 고식미 벼 신품종 '금영(金穎)')

  • Choung, Jin-Il;Park, Hyun-Su;Kang, Jong-Rae;Nam, Min-Hee;Kwak, Do-Yeon;Kim, Jeong-Il;Song, You-Chun;Yeo, Un-Sang;Shin, Mun-Sik;Lee, Jong-Hee;Kim, Dae-Sik;Park, No-Bong;Park, Dong-Soo;Yi, Gi-Hwan;Cho, Jun-Hyeon;Kim, Chun-Song;Kang, Hang-Won;Ko, Jae-Kwon;Ahn, Jin-Gon;Kim, Jung-Gon;Hwang, Heung-Gu
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.272-275
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    • 2010
  • 'Geumyoung' is a new early maturing rice cultivar developed from the cross between Sambaegbyeo and Iksan423/Sangju22 at Sangju Substation, NICS, RDA, Korea in 2009. It needs about 116 days from seedling to harvest in mid-mountainous areas. This cultivar has about 72 cm long culm and 19 cm long panicle, which are similar to Odaebyeo. It has higher panicle number per plant, medium to small grains and sometimes has a few awned spikelets. It shows tolerance to cold and resistance to blast but is susceptible to bacterial blight, virus diseases, and insects and pests. Milled rice of 'Geumyoeng' is translucent with non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It has about 18.0% amylose and 6.6% protein content with good palatability of cooked rice. The milled rice yield of this cultivar was 5.53 MT/ha under standard fertilizer level of ordinary transplanting cultivation. 'Geumyong' would be adaptable for ordinary transplanting cultivation in the northern plains, and northern and southern mid-mountainous areas of South Korea.