• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the destruction efficiency and to determine the fundamental parameters of oxidation kinetics under the supercritical water(SCW) condition. Target material was cephradine, toxic and antibiotic material, in the pharmaceutical wastewater. For this purpose, the effect of reaction temperature and oxidant were investigated on the destruction efficiency of cephradine. And the oxidation kinetics of cephradine was derived by using a empirical power-law model. The experiment was carried out in a cylindrical batch reactor made of Hastelloy C-276 which was endurable high temperature and pressure. The destruction efficiency of cephradine increased with increment of the temperature and reaction time. Also the type of oxidants was effected and oxidants(Air and $H_2O$$_2$) were enhanced the destruction efficiency. The global oxidation kinetics for cephradine has led to two rate expressions according to type of oxidant. - In the presence of air oxidant: Rate=k. $e^{-Ea}$RT/(Ceph.)$^{1.0}$ ( $O_2$)$^{0.51}$$\pm$0.05(k=3.27${\times}$$10^{5}$ sec. Ea=63.25 kJ/mole) - In the presence of $H_2O$$_2$ oxidant : Rate=kㆍ $e^{-Ea}$RT/(Ceph.)$^{1.0}$ ($H_2O$$_2$)$^{0.62}$$\pm$0.02(k=2.76${\times}$$10^4$/sec. Ea=47.65 kJ/mole)ole))

• 약학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.290-294
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• 2002

Cephradine is an orally absorbed cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is highly resistant to beta-lactamase degradation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cephradine capules, Cephradine capsule (Donggu Pharmaceutical Co., reference drug) and Cephradine capsule (Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Co., test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration. Twenty-six normal volunteers, 24.6 $\pm$ 3.70 years in age and 62.4 $\pm$ 8.99 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2 $\times$ 2 cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 250 mg of cephrdine was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cephrdine in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as AU $C_{t}$ to $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in AUCt, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between two products were 2.89％, 1.05％ and 1.06％, respectively, when calculated against the reference drug. The 90％ confidence intervals were within log0.8 $\leq$ $\delta$ $\leq$ log1.25 (e.g., log0.9803 $\leq$ $\delta$ $\leq$ log1.0734 and log0.9674 $\leq$ $\delta$ $\leq$ log1.220 for AU $C_{t}$, and $C_{max}$, respectively). Two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that Cephradine capsules (Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Co.) is bioequivalent to Cephradine capsules (Donggu Pharmaceutical Co.).o.).o.).).o.).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2002

Cephradine is a first generation cephalosporin and has broad spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, through inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cephradine is useful for treatment of infections of the urinary and respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cephradine capsules, Cefradine Yuhan (YuHan Corporation) and Broadcef (Ilsung Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The cephradine release from the two cephradine capsules in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty normal male volunteers, $23.10{\pm}2.90$ years in age and $67.69{\pm}8.04\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 500 mg as cephradine was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cephradine in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two cephradine capsules were very similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AVC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AVC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AVC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two capsules based on the Cefradine Yuhan were -2.87%, -0.96% and -4.85%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two capsules in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of 1og(0.8) to log(1.25) $(e.g.,\;log(0.93){\sim}log(1.02)\;and\;log(0.88){\sim}log(1.13)\;for \;AVC_t\;and\;C_{max},\;respectively)$. The 90% confidence interval using untransformed data was within ${\pm}20%$ $(e.g., \;-17.54{\sim}7.78\;for\;T_{max})$. All parameters met the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating that Broadcef capsule is bioequivalent to Cefradine Yuhan capsule.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.114-118
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• 1989

The effects of intraperitoneal injection of cephradine in a dose of 75 mg/kg and netilmicin in dose of 50 mg/kg and their combination on creatinine and urea serum levels of rabbits were studied as well as the antipseudomonal activity against three multiresistant clinicial isolates. The antibacterial activity was investigated by two methods: Checkerboard titration method and time-kill studies. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the sera obtained from the rabbits receiving the used drugs in the previous regimen was studied using time-kill study method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Results obtained from this study indicated that both creatinine and urea serum levels of the rabbits receiving both drugs were not significantly different from those of the rabbits receiving either cephradine or netilmicin alone. At the same time the in vitro antibactrial activity (either of the prepared solutions of the used drugs and their combination or of the sera obtained from the rabbits receiving these drugs as mentioned before) showed a synergistic effect against the tested strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.178-182
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• 2006

Four crystal forms of cephradine were isolated by recrystallization and characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The dissolution patterns of four crystal forms of cephradine were studied in water at $37{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$, 90 rpm for 120 min. The amount dissolved at 120 min was highest for Form 1 ($100\%$), followed by Form 3 ($98.9\%$), Form 4 ($77.83\%$), and Form 2 ($75.55\%$). After storage for two months at $0\%$ RH (silica gel, $20^{\circ}C$), $52\%$ RH (saturated solution of $Na_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}{\cdot}2H_{2}O/20^{\circ}C$), and $95\%$ RH (saturated solution of $Na_{2}HPO_{4}/20^{\circ}C$), none of the crystal forms showed transformation.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2005

건강한지원자에서 세프라딘 250 mg 캡슐을 오전 09:00시와 오후22:00시에 경구투여하여 세프라딘의 약물동태학적 주기변화 (생체리듬)를 검토하였다. 혈장중 세프라딘의 농도는 두 투여시간에서 유의성 있는 차이를 보여주었다. 혈장농도곡선하면적 (AUC)은 오후 때 보다 오전 투여시에 유의성 있게 증가되었으며, 생물학적반감기$(t_{1/2})$는 오후 때 보다 오전 투여시에 더 연장되었다. 전신청소를 $(CL_t)$은 오후 때 보다 오전 투여시 유의성 있게 감소되었다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.614-621
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• 2020

Antibiotic pollution is one of the factors contributing to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. Advanced oxidation and irradiation processes have been introduced to eliminate antibiotics from water and wastewater. However, few studies have reported the toxic effects of residual antibiotics and their byproducts induced by a treatment system. In this study, we compared the efficacies of chemical (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)) and biological (antimicrobial susceptibility test) assays for measuring the concentrations of residual antibiotics after gamma irradiation for degrading amoxicillin, cephradine, lincomycin, and tetracycline. The concentrations of residual antibiotics estimated using the two assay methods were almost identical, except cephradine. In the case of cephradine, inhibited bacterial growth was observed that was equivalent to twice the concentration measured by HPLC in the samples subjected to gamma irradiation. The observed inhibition of bacterial growth suggested the generation of potentially toxic intermediates following antibiotic degradation. These results indicate that biological and chemical assays should be used in concert for monitoring antibiotic contamination and the toxic derivatives of antibiotic degradation. The results demonstrate that these four antibiotics can be decomposed by 2.0 kGy gamma-irradiation without toxic effects of their byproducts.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.103-107
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• 2017

A 7-year-old spayed female Shih-tzu dog with 4-month history of anorexia and weight loss was diagnosed with splenic hemangiosarcoma. One week after splenectomy, the dog developed severe, multifocal, coalescing erosive and ulcerative dermatosis with epidermal collarettes and crusts on the dorsal trunk. The dog was prescribed systemic antibiotics comprising cephradine and enrofloxacin postoperatively. Histopathological examination of skin biopsies from haired skin lesions revealed changes consistent with pemphigus foliaceus (PF). Tentative diagnosis for this patient was pemphigus-like drug reaction resulting from cephradine treatment. However, given the dog's history of hemangiosarcoma, paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP), a rarely reported cancer-related pemphigus in dogs, was also considered for tentative diagnosis. Significant clinical remission of dermal lesions was achieved with four weeks of prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) treatment. Drugs were gradually tapered and eventually discontinued with concurrent reduction of dermal lesions, and no further recurrence was noted.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.282-286
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• 1992

Polyacrylic acid와 polymethacrylic acid를 N-hydroxysuccinimide에 반응시켜 poly(N-acryloxysuccinimide)와 poly(N-methacryloxysuccinimide)를 합성하고, 이것과 cephradine을 반응시켜 polyacryloylcephradine과 polymethacryloylcephradine을 합성하였다. 이들 중합체약의 항균성을 2단계 희석법에 의하여 최소 발육저지 농도로서 조사하였다. Polyacryloylcephradine 중합체에 대한 최소 발육저지 농도는 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580, Escherichia coli BE 1186 및 Salmonella typhimurium TV 119 균주들에 항균성이 대체적으로 우수하였다. Polymethacryloylcephylococcus aureus FDA 209P, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli BE 1186 및 Salmonella typhimurium TV 119 균주들에 대해서 항균력을 보여주었다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.203-210
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• 1985

1985년 3월 1일부터 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 산부인과에서 제왕절개술로 분만한 예중 적응이 되는 예에서 Velosef의 자궁강내 세척을 실시한 30예, 정맥주입을 한 35예와 대조군 35예로 총 100예를 연구대상으로 하여 수술후 자궁내막염 및 감염의 발생반도를 비교 분석하였고, 연구대상자에 대한 fever index를 산출 비교하여 다음과 같은 연구 결과를 얻었다. 1. 역학적 변수에서 Velosof 자궁강내 세척군과 Velosef 정맥주입군, 대조군 각각은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않음으로써 세 연구군은 서로 유사하였다. 2. 감염에 대한 위험인자에서도 각 실험군과 대조군은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않음으로써 연구집단은 서로 감염에 대한 위험인자 분포가 유사하였다. 3. 제왕절개술의 적응증에 있어서도 각 실험군과 대조군에서 유사한 분포를 보였으며, 기왕제왕절개술, 아두골반불균형, 둔위 등의 순서로 많았다. 4. 수술후 자궁내막염의 발생반도는 대조군보다 정맥주입군과 자궁강내 세척군이 낮았으며 특히 정맥주입군은 대조군과 통계적으로 유의성을 보였다 ($x^2$=6.248, d.f.=1, P<0.05). 5. 자궁내막염을 포함한 수술후 감염에서도 정맥주입군, 자궁강내 세척군에서 대조군보다 낮은 발생빈도를 보였으며, 특히 정맥주입군에서 대조군과 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다 ($x^2$=5.352, d.f.=1, P<0.05). 6. Fever index는 자궁강내 세척군, 정맥주입군 모두가 대조군에 비해 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다 (t=-3.251, d.f.=68, P<0.05). 7. 수술적응증에 따른 수술후 자궁내막염 발생 빈도에서, 특히 기왕제왕절개술과 아두골반불균형에서 실험군이 대조군에 비해 낮은 경향을 보였다. 8. 감염에 대한 위험인자 별 자궁내막염 발생 빈도에서는 진통이 있는 경우, 6 시간 이상의 양수파막, 5번 이상의 내진, 응급제왕절개술의 경우에 대조군보다 각 실험군에서 자궁내막염 발생 빈도가 현저히 낮았다. 9. 연구대상의 fever index산포도에서 임상적으로 자궁내막염으로 진단된 경우 높은 fever index 수치를 보였다.