• International Journal of Railway
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.85-89
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• 2014

The use of pozzolanic materials in concrete mixtures can enhance the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. By reactions with pozzolanic materials and calcium hydroxide in cement matrix, calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) increases and calcium hydroxide decreases in cement matrix of concrete. Consequently, the volume of solid materials increases. The pozzolanic particles also fill spaces between clinker grains, thereby resulting in a denser cement matrix and interfacial transition zone between cement matrix and aggregates; this lowers the permeability and increases the compressive strength of concrete. Moreover, the total contents of alkali in concrete are reduced by replacing cements with pozzolanic materials; this prevents cracks due to alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR). In this study, nanosilica is incorporated in cement pastes. The differences of microstructural compositions between the hydrated cements with and without nanosilica are examined using nanoindentation, XRDA and $^{29}Si$ MAS NMR. The results can be used for a basic research to enhance durability of concrete slab tracks and concrete railway sleepers.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.46-54
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• 1993

This study was carried out on the stabilized/solidified treatment for the reducing leachability of hazardous heavy metals copper, lead, chromium and cadmium in the hazardous sludge which treated to be unleached heavy metals by sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate. Cement matrix was analyzed for the leachability of 24 hrs and dynamic leaching test, structure and the optimum condition for the stabilization and solidification of the hazardous sludge. In 28 days of curing time the unconfined compressive strength was 21.5 kg/cm$^2$ at the ratio of portland cement (0.5)+fly ash (0.25) and 23.5 kg/cmz at the ratio of portland cement (0.5)+fly ash (0.25) + cake (0.25). High concentration of Pb, Cr and Cd in the sea water and Cu in the distilled water were leached at the dynamic leaching test. The concentration of leaching heavy metals for specimens which were tested 24 hrs were found low leachability with decreasing pH of leachant. According to dynamic leaching test, the low level of copper, lead, cadmium and chromium were leached in the cement matrix with sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate. But the effective diffusion coefficient of unleached cement matrix which was treated sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate was decreased above 2 times than that of cement matrix. The relation of leachant renewal period (Y) and cumulative fraction ion leached (X) was the following regression equations. Solidification with unleached agent. Y$_{Cu}$ = 1413752X + 247, Y$_{Pb}$ = 223501IX + 214, Y$_{Cr}$ = 8310601X - 472, Y$_{Cd}$ = 168787X + 1061 The structure of' solidified matrix with X-ray diffraction analysis was composed more Ca(OH)$_2$, Si, Mg(OH)$_2$ and Al in the unleached cement matrix than those in cement matrix.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.725-728
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• 2006

This research investigates the characteristics of chloride fixation in non-sintering cement(NSC) matrix. NSC was manufactured by adding phosphogypsum and slack lime to granulated blast furnace slag as sulfate and alkali activators. As a result, the concentration of chloride ion in pore solution of NSC-solidified matrix is more low than that of OPC-solidified matrix containing the same chloride content in cement paste. Also, the concentration of chloride ion in pore solution of NSC-solidified matrix is similar with that of BSC-solidified matrix containing the same chloride content in cement paste.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.586-591
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• 2001

This research investigated the feasibility of the accelerated carbonation of cement waste forms with carbon dioxide in a supercritical state. Hydraulic cement has been used as a main solidification matrix for the immobilization of radioactive and/or hazardous wastes. As a result of the hydration reaction for major compounds of portland cement, portlandite (Ca(OH)$_2$) is present in the hydrated cement waste form. The chemical durability of a cement form is expected to increase by converting portlandite to the less soluble calcite (CaCO$_3$). For a faster reaction of portlandite with carbon dioxide, SCCD (supercritical carbon dioxide) rather than gaseous $CO_2$, in ambient pressure is used. The cement forms fabricated with an addition of slated lime or Na-bentonite were cured under ambient conditions for 28days and then treated with SCCD in an autoclave maintained at 34$^{\circ}C$ and 80atm. After SCCD treatment, the physicochemical properties of cement matrices were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of accelerated carbonation reaction. Conversion of parts of portlandite to calcite by the carbonation reaction with SCCD was verified by XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis and the composition of portlandite and calcite was estimated using thermogravimetric (TG) data. After SCCD treatment, tile cement density slightly increased by about 1.5% regardless of the SCCD treatment time. The leaching behavior of cement, tested in accordance with an ISO leach test method at 7$0^{\circ}C$ for over 300 days, showed a proportional relationship to the square root of the leaching time, so the major leaching mechanism of cement matrix was diffusion controlled. The cumulative fraction leached (CFL) of calcium decreased by more than 50% after SCCD treatment. It might be concluded that the enhancement of the characteristics of a cement matrix by an accelerated carbonation reaction with SCCD is possible to some extent.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2007

본 연구는 실리카 퓸을 사용한 시멘트 경화체의 황산염침식 저항성을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실리카 퓸을 시멘트 중량에 대하여 0, 5, 10 및 15%의 4단계로 대체한 모르타르 및 0 및 10%의 2단계로 대체한 페이스트를 제조하여 침지실험을 실시하였다. 황산나트륨용액에 510일 동안 모르타르 및 페이스트를 침지한 후 재령별 외관조사, 팽창, 압축강도 감소율 및 공극특성을 조사한 결과, 실리카 퓸 대체율에 관계없이 실리카 퓸을 대체한 시멘트 경화체는 황산염침식에 대하여 저항성이 매우 우수하였으나, 보통포틀랜드시멘트 모르타르 및 페이스트는 황산염침식에 의한 극심한 성능저하 현상이 관찰되었다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2023년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.93-94
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• 2023

Through the industrial revolution that began in the 18th century, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased rapidly as humans used fossil energy such as coal and oil as fuel for steam engines and factory machines. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted while producing cement, the main material of concrete used in construction, is large enough to account for 5-8% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions. In this study, Non cement-based matrix were used to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from cement production. Red mud is an industrial by-product generated in the manufacturing process of aluminum hydroxide using bauxite, and more than 120 million tons are produced worldwide. In addition, red mud is a porous material that can be physically adsorbed, and causes a photocatalytic reaction of TiO₂ to remove harmful substances such as nitrogen oxide formaldehyde in the air and chemically adsorbs ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, this study aims to examine the physical properties of the matrix by mixing red mud, an industrial by-product with good adsorption performance, into the Non cement-based matrix.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
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• pp.336-339
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• 2004

This paper presents an experimental investigation examining water-cement ratio effects on fiber-matrix interface properties and on matrix fracture properties, which are used for designing mix proportion suitable for achieving strain-hardening behavior at a composite level. A single fiber pullout test and a wedge splitting test were employed to measure the bond properties in a matrix and the fracture toughness of mortar matrix, respectively. Test results showed that the properties tended to increase with decreasing water-cement ratio. Composite design using these test results will be discussed in the follow-up paper.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1999년도 학회창립 10주년 기념 1999년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.131-134
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• 1999

Microstructure modification and electrochemical properties are investigate to estimate the effects of internal chlorides on the steel corrosion in the blended cement systems. According to the test results, slag cement system showed high chloride binding capacity and low corrosion rate. The impedance data showed three distince arcs from lowest(mHz) frequency to highest (MHz) frequency due to product layer, interfacial reaction and bulk matrix. Through the microstructural investigation, fine steel-matrix interface of slag cement system was observed but rough steel-matrix interface of OPC system was observed. Friedel's salt was thought that the substantial material contributed to the chloride binding of slag cement system.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.553-556
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• 2006

Generally, concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials, because of its good durability to cost ratio. However, when subjected to severe environments its durability can significantly decline due to various harmful conditions. In this article, we would like to investigate a chloride ion diffusion of cement matrix with inert filler, which ground calcium carbonate(GCC). For the experimental results of the chloride ion diffusion, as the addition of GCC makes decreasing the permeability by micro-filler effect, the matrix of 5-15% ratio of replacement are superior to the GCC0 mortar matrix with respect to durability of cement matrix in this scope.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.557-564
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• 2004

This paper introduces a study carried out to investigate sodium sulfate attack caused by various reactive products. Experiments were performed on mortar and paste specimens made with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) conforming to KS L 5201 Type I. The water-cement ratios were varied from 0.35 to 0.55. It was found from the laboratory study that the water-cement ratio may be a key to control the deterioration of OPC matrix during sodium sulfate attack. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that ettringite, gypsum and thaumasite were the main products formed by sodium sulfate attack. These findings were well supported by thermal analysis through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and confirmed the long-term understanding that deterioration mechanism by sodium sulfate attack is a complicated process. Most importantly, deterioration due to sodium sulfate attack is characterized as the drastic reduction in compressive strength as well as the expansion (especially in cement matrix with a higher water-cement ratio).