• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 2002년도 제10회 하계 Workshop
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

Desalination by reverse osmosis (RO), which first entered commercial use in the 1970s, was initially mainly used for treating brackish water. Technological progress led to the development of an RO membrane enabling single-pass seawater desalination. Toyobo succeeded in developing a single-pass seawater desalination RO module composed of hollow fiber type membranes made of cellulose triacetate in 1978, and then in 1979 began production of the first commercially available double-element module. This double-element module has many advantages suitable for seawater desalination. It has high chlorine tolerance and high salt rejection, derived from the properties of the membrane material, and it is highly resistant to fouling and scaling matters due to the unique flow pattern and fiber bundle configuration. These advantages help to explain why the Toyobo double-element module has been used so successfully at the many seawater desalination plants around the world. Since the 1980s, large plants capable of desalinating several tens of thousands of cubic meters a day have sprung up around the Mediterranean and In the Middle East. The Jeddah RO Phase I Plant, which has a capacity of 56, 800m$^3$/day, went into operation in 1989. In 1994, the same sized Phase II Plant came on stream, giving the plant a huge total capacity of 113, 600m$^3$/day. The plant constructor Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI), and the RO membrane manufacturer Toyobo Co., Ltd. In 1998, the world's largest RO seawater desalination plant in operation, which has a capacity of 128, 000m$^3$/day and is run by Saudi Arabia's Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), went into operation at Yanbu. RO seawater desalination technology has thus already reached the stage of full-scale commercial use. In order to encourage its wider use, however, RO desalination needs to be made more economical by lowering construction and water treatment costs. Toyobo has therefore developed a new economical RO desalination system by a recovery ratio of 60% using a high-pressure module with a high product flow rate. In 2000, Toyobo high recovery membrane module was selected for the largest seawater desalination plant in Japan, which has a capacity of 50, 000m$^3$/day.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1386-1398
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• 2010

Soybean contains a high concentration of carbohydrates that consist mainly of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. The NSP can be divided into insoluble NSP (mainly cellulose) and soluble NSP (composed mainly of pectic polymers, which are partially soluble in water). Monogastric animals do not have the enzymes to hydrolyze these carbohydrates, and thus their digestion occurs by means of bacterial fermentation. The fermentation of soybean carbohydrates produces short chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by animals. The utilization efficiency of the carbohydrates is related to the chemical structure, the level of inclusion in the diet, species and age of the animal. In poultry, soluble NSP can increase digesta viscosity, reduce the digestibility of nutrients and depress growth performance. In growing pigs, these effects, in particular the effect on gut viscosity, are often not so obvious. However, in weaning piglets, it is reported that soy oligosaccharides and soluble NSP can cause detrimental effects on intestinal health. In monogastrics, consideration must be given to the anti-nutritive effect of the NSP on nutrient digestion and absorption on one hand, as well as the potential benefits or detriments of intestinal fermentation products to the host. This mirrors the needs for i) increasing efficiency of utilization of fibrous materials in monogastrics, and ii) the maintenance and improvement of animal health in antibiotic-free production systems, on the other hand. For example, ethanol/water extraction removes the low molecular weight carbohydrate fractions, such as the oligosaccharides and part of the soluble pectins, leaving behind the insoluble fraction of the NSP, which is devoid of anti-nutritive activities. The resultant product is a high quality soy protein concentrate. This paper presents the composition and chemical structures of carbohydrates present in soybeans and discusses their nutritive and anti-nutritive effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs and poultry.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.164-168
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• 1992

Cellulomonas sp.YE-5가 생산하는 cellulase를 분리, 정제하여 효소의 특성을 알아보았다. Avicelase, CMCase, $\beta$-glucosidase의 반응 최적온도은 각각 40, 45, $40^{\circ}C$이었고, 반은 최적 pH는 5.5, 6.0 그리고 6.0이었다. 효소의 열안정성은 30~$70^{\circ}C$에서 6시간 처리하였을 때 avicelase와 $\beta$-glucosidase는 $50^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 거의 실활하였고, CMCase는 $50^{\circ}C$에서 약 40%의 활성을 유지하였다. 효소의 안정성에 미치는 pH의 영향은 $25^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 처리하였을 때 avicelase와 CMCase는 PH 5.0~9.0 사이에서 안정하였으며, $\beta$-glucosidase는 pH 5.0~8.0 사이에서 안정하였다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.257-263
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• 2017

A cellulolytic strain Y2 was isolated from soil obtained in the Canadian Alpine region. The isolate was identified as Paenibacillus sp. Y2 by 16S rRNA sequencing. When grown in LB medium supplemented with carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC), CMCase production increased to 122.0% of that observed in LB without CMC. Culture supernatant was concentrated by ultrafiltration and 80% ammonium sulfate precipitates were separated by Hi-Trap Q and CHT-II chromatography. The purified enzyme (EG-PY2) showed a homogeneous single band and the molecular mass was estimated to be 38 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were 4.5 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The half-life of enzyme activity at 50 was 140.7 min, but the enzyme was drastically inactivated within 5 min at $55^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was highly activated to 135.7 and 126.7% by 5.0 mM of $Cu^{2+}$ or $Mg^{2+}$ ions, respectively, and moderately activated by $Ba^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ ions, whereas it was inhibited to 76.8% by $Fe^{2+}$, and to ${\leq}50%$ by $Mn^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and EDTA. The enzyme was activated to 211.5% in the presence of 0.5 M of NaCl and greatly tolerant to 3.15M of NaCl. The enzyme showed 2.98 times higher ${\beta}$-glucanase activity than CMCase activity. Based on these results, it can be concluded that EG-PY2 is an acidophilic, cold-active, and halotolerant endoglucanase. The authors suggest it is considered to be useful for various industrial applications, such as, fruit juice clarification, acidic deinking processes, high-salt food processing, textile and pulp industries, and for biofuel production from seaweeds.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.952-959
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• 1998

To investigate the effect of sea tangle on macrophage activity in normal and diabetic states, 10week old ICR mice were fed control(C) and sea tangle(S) diet containing 5%(w/w) cellulose and 13.6%(w/w) dry sea tangle for four weeks, after which two thirds of mice(CD and SD) were made diabetic by intramuscular injection of streptozotocin(150mg/kg bw). At 4th day after diabetes was apparent by urinary glucose, one half of diabetic mice(CDM and SDM) were treated with metformin(500mg/kg bw) orally. Peritoneal macrophages obtained from 3%-thioglycollate treated mice were cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccaride from Salmonella abortus equi(10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) for 24 hrs and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF$\alpha$), interleukin-1$\beta$(1L-1$\beta$)and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) were measured in culture media. Release of IL-1$\beta$and PGE2 from macrophage were increased in normal mice by sea tangle diet and had the same tedency in diabetic mice with or without metformin treatment although not statistically significant. Release of TNF$\alpha$ tended to be reduced by diabetes but were not changed significantly by sea tangle diet. Fatty acid compositions of macrophage and liver phospholipids showed that diabetes reduced arachidonic acid/linoleic acid ratio and sea tangle diet appeared to increase contentsof polyunsaturated fatty acids.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.2036-2045
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• 2018

An endo-${\beta}$-1,4-glucanase gene, cel5L, was cloned using the shot-gun method from Bacillus sp.. The gene, which contained a predicted signal peptide, encoded a protein of 496 amino acid residues, and the molecular mass of the mature Cel5L was estimated to be 51.8 kDa. Cel5L contained a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5 and a carbohydrate-binding module family 3 (CBM_3). Chromatography using HiTrap Q and CHT-II resulted in the isolation of two truncated forms corresponding to 50 (Cel5L-p50) and 35 kDa (Cel5L-p35, CBM_3-deleted form). Both enzymes were optimally active at pH 4.5 and $55^{\circ}C$, but had different half-lives of 4.0 and 22.8 min, respectively, at $70^{\circ}C$. The relative activities of Cel5L-p50 and Cel5L-p35 for barley ${\beta}$-glucan were 377.0 and 246.7%, respectively, compared to those for carboxymethyl-cellulose. The affinity and hydrolysis rate of pNPC by Cel5L-p35 were 1.7 and 3.3 times higher, respectively, than those by Cel5L-p50. Additions of each to a commercial enzyme set increased saccharification of pretreated rice straw powder by 17.5 and 21.0%, respectively. These results suggest CBM_3 is significantly contributing to thermostability, and to affinity and substrate specificity for small substrates, and that these two enzymes could be used as additives to enhance enzymatic saccharification.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.212-219
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• 2022

Fusarium root rot caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium solani is one of the most important fungal diseases of cassava in Thailand, resulting in high yield losses of more than 80%. This study aimed to investigate if the exogenous application of salicylic acid formulations (Zacha) can induce resistance in cassava against Fusarium root rot and observe the biochemical changes in induced cassava leaf tissues through synchrotron radiation based on Fourier-transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy. We demonstrated that the application of Zacha11 prototype formulations could induce resistance against Fusarium root rot in cassava. The in vitro experimental results showed that Zacha11 prototype formulations inhibited the growth of F. solani at approximately 34.83%. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the disease severity of Fusarium root rot disease at 60 days after challenge inoculation was observed in cassava plants treated with Zacha11 at a concentration of 500 ppm (9.0%). Population densities of F. solani were determined at 7 days after inoculation. Treatment of the Zacha11 at a concentration of 500 ppm resulted in reduced populations compared with the distilled water control and differences among treatment means at each assay date. Moreover, the SR-FTIR spectral changes of Zacha11-treated epidermal tissues of leaves had higher integral areas of lipids, lignins, and pectins (1,770-1,700/cm), amide I (1,700-1,600/cm), amide II (1,600-1,500/cm), hemicellulose, lignin (1,300-1,200/cm), and cellulose (1,155/cm). Therefore, alteration in defensive carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins contributed to generate barriers against Fusarium invasion in cassava roots, leading to lower the root rot disease severity.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2003

본 시험은 초지를 상번초형 및 상+하번초형으로 혼파조합하여 조성하였을 때 목초의 건물수량, 품질 및 식생구성에 미치는 영향을 비교하고자 1999년 9철부터 2002년 12월까지 충남대학교 농업생명과학대학내 부속 초지시험포장에서 수행하였다. 공시된 혼파초지는 상번초형 혼파초지{orchardgrass, Potomac 40+tall fescue, Fawn 20+Festulolium braunii, Paulita 10+perennial ryegrass, Reveille 10+timothy, Climax 10+ red clover, Kenblue 5+ alfalfa, Vernal 5%)와 상ㆍ하번초형 혼파초지(orchardgrass, Potomac 40+tall fescue, Fawn 20+Kentucky bluegrass, New port(turf type) 10+redtop, Barricuda(turf type) 10+perennial ryegrass, Palmer III(turf type) 10+red fescue, Flyer II(turf type) 5+white clover, Regal 5%}의 두 처리를 두어 시험하였으며, 얻어진 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 3년 평균 건물수량은 상ㆍ하번초형 혼파초지가 13,732kg/ha으로 상번초형 혼파초지의 13,117kg/ha 보다 약간 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 2) 상번초형 혼파초지와 상ㆍ하번초형 혼파초지간에 화학적 성분의 뚜렷한 차이는 없었다. 그러나 상번초형 혼파초지에서는 cellulose와 lignin 함량이 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 한편, 건물소화율은 상ㆍ하번초형 혼파초지에서 다소 높은 결과를 보였다(p < 0.05). 3) 3년 평균 조단백질 건물수량은 두 처리간 차이가 인정되지 않았으나, 가소화건물수량은 상ㆍ하번초형 혼파초지가 10,670kg/ha으로 상번초형 혼파초지의 가소화건물수량 9,955kg/ha에 비하여 높은 결과를 가져왔다(p < 0.05). 4) 연차가 경과함에 따라 상번초형 혼파초지에서 식생을 높게 유지한 초종은 tall fescue, alfalfa 및 orchardgrass 등이었으며 timothy는 없어진 반면에, 상ㆍ하번초형 혼파초지에서는 white clover, tall fescue 및 orchardgrass 등의 식생비율이 높았으며, redtop, red fescue와 같은 하번초 초종의 식생도 비교적 고르게 유지되었다. 따라서, 상번초형 혼파초지에 비하여 상ㆍ하번초형 혼파초지는 목초의 건물수량과 품질에는 큰 영향을 미치지 못하였으나, 건물소화율 및 가소화건물수량이 높았고(p < 0.05), 연중 고르게 식생을 유지할 수 있었던 것으로 보아 생장습성이 다른 초종을 다양하게 혼파 이용하는 것도 좋을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1391-1398
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• 2007

본 연구는 다시마의 활성성분을 열수추출하고, 그 추출물을 제 2형 당뇨병 환자에게 섭취시킴으로서 그들의 혈당, 혈중지질 및 항산화 체계 개선에 있어서 다시마추출물의 효능을 과학적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 다시마를 열수추출하고 동결건조한 후 캡슐화하여 1.4 g을 350 mg씩 4캡슐로 나누어, 아침과 저녁 식후에 2캡슐씩 제 2형 당뇨환자에게 12주간 섭취 시켰다. 위약군은 동량의 cellulose를 실험군과 동일하게 제조한 후 같은 방법으로 섭취하게 하였고 이중맹검법을 사용하였다. 섭취 전후 일반사항 및 식이섭취조사, 신체계측을 실시하였고, 혈액을 채취하여 혈당, 당화혈색소, 혈청지질, 지질과산화물 및 항산화 효소의 변화와 독성검사인 간 및 신장 기능의 변화를 측정하였다. 최종 연구는 총 37명으로 실험군 17명, 대조군 20명으로 양군간의 baseline 특성은 유의적 차이가 없었다. 다시마추출물 섭취군에서 공복혈당은 12주간 섭취 후 $156.0{\pm}15.2mg/dL$에서 $155.8{\pm}14.2mg/dL$로 나타났고, 당화혈색소 역시 $6.74{\pm}0.66%$에서 $6.65{\pm}0.64%$으로 유의적으로 감소하지 않았다. 다시마추출물의 섭취가 12주간 이루어지면서 총콜레스테롤은 $177.0{\pm}16.5mg/dL$에서 $168.6{\pm}15.0mg/dL$로 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 감소한 반면에, 위약군의 경우 $175.8{\pm}17.4mg/dL$에서 $179.8{\pm}19.9$로 변화되었다. 또한 다시마추출물 섭취군의 LDL-콜레스테롤, 중성지방의 변화에서도 섭취 전에 비해 섭취 후 유의적 (p<0.05) 감소를 나타내었으며, 특히 LDL-콜레스테롤의 농도를 고농도군, 정상군, 저농도군으로 분류시 LDL-콜레스테롤 농도가 높은 환자일수록 감소의 폭이 큼을 알 수 있었다. 지질과산물 농도의 변화를 보면 다시마추출물 섭취군은 $1.58{\pm}0.88nmol$에서 $1.13{\pm}0.03nmol$로 유의적(p<0.05)으로 감소되었고, GSH-px활성도 위약군에 비해 다시마추출물 섭취군은 $13.98{\pm}0.66I.U/mg$ protein에서 $14.58{\pm}0.22I.U/mg$ protein로 활성도가 약간 상승하였다. SOD 활성은 실험군($1.18{\pm}0.22$ vs. $1.28{\pm}0.18unit/mg$ protein)에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였으며, 간 및 신장 기능 검사에서도 실험 전후 모든 군이 정상범위를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구는 당뇨병 환자들의 혈청지질 및 혈액 항산화 효소계에 도움을 줄 수 있는 안전한 보조제로서 다시마추출물의 사용 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 분석과학
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.178-189
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• 2012

생식독성 및 내분비계 장애물질로 분류되는 프탈레이트가 근자에 유럽 신화학물질관리제도(REACH)의 허가대상 고위험성 물질(SVHC) 목록 및 유럽의 전기전자제품에 함유된 유해물질 규제인 RoHS II의 최우선 고려 물질 등으로 규제가 강화되면서 IEC TC 111에서 분석법 표준화가 진행되고 있으며 KS 개정도 이루어지고 있다. 본 고에서는 프탈레이트 분석법의 KS 개정 및 한국 NC에서 제안하여 진행되고 있는 IEC 62321에 프탈레이트 분석법을 추가함에 있어 기술적 자료로 사용될 수 있도록 현존하는 국가별 표준의 용매 추출 전처리를 비교 및 검증해 보았다. PVC (polyvinyl chloride)에서의 DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate)의 추출 효율은 메탄올, 톨루엔, 디클로로메테인. 헥세인 순으로 46.9%에서 95.3%까지 증가하였다. DBP (dibutyl phthalate), BBP (butylbenzyl phthalate) 및 DEHP의 속슬렛을 사용한 추출 시간은 6시간이 최적임이 입증되었고, PVC, nitro cellulose, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), and EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber 등의 매트리스로부터의 추출 효율도 90%~99%로 측정되었다. 용매추출에 이은 GC-MS 분석법의 검출한계는 용액 및 고분자 샘플에서 각각 0.08 ~0.3 ${\mu}g/mL$ 및 8~30 mg/kg으로 산출되었다. 공산품에서 프탈레이트를 분석하는 국가표준에서 용매 추출 전처리를 사용하는 EN 14372, ASTM D 7083, 일본 후생노동성 시험법(MHLW 0906-4) 및 KS M 1991을 비교한 결과 4개 국가별 표준 모두 98%~99%의 추출효율을 가짐이 검증되었다. 또한, 국내에서 유통되는 어린이 장난감, 전기 코드, 매니큐어의 공산품 3종에서 프탈레이트 함유 여부를 분석한 결과 DBP 및 DEHP가 22~1,910 mg/kg 범위로 검출되었다.