• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2002

Objective : It is well known that modern chemotherapy against cancer has side effects to a living body, especially hemopoietic and immunologial disfunctions. However, there are no effective ways to reduce them. Recently, traditional Korean herb medicine has been reported to have some biological modifying responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that additional application of herb medicine during chemotherapy is more effective to reduce its side effects. While we were studying the effects, we have observed the inhibitory effect of Soamgudamikgitang on formation of side effects derived from Cyclophosphamide, it has been used in clinical practice at Kyung Hee Medical Center. Methods : We injected 200mg/kg of Cyclophosphamide, one time, to an experimental group, consisting of ten mice. We divided them into eight groups: normal, CPX, SAKT 2mg, SAKT 10mg, SAKT 50mg, SAKT 2mg, CPX, SAKT 10mg+CPX, SAKT 50mg+CPX. We injected Soamgudamikgitang seven days, five days, three days, and one day before we injected CPX. One day, three days, and five days after CPX injection, we injected Soamgudamikgitang again and then killed all the mice. The parameters determined in this experiment were daily body weight liver and spleen weight, RBC, WBC, and platelet for hemopoietic dysfunction and AST, ALT for hepatotoxicity, BUN, creatine for renal toxcity, lymphocyte proliferation activity and lymphocyte subsets for immunological toxcity. Results : We have found that Soamgudamikgitang has inhibitory effects on the formation of Cyclophosphamide's side effects. Significant differences between the group, which contained Cyclophosphamide, and the other group, which contains Cyclophosphamide and 2, 10, 50mg of Soamgudamikgitang respectively were observed. Platelets(2mg of Soamgudamikgitang, p<0.05 ;10mg, p<0.01 ;50mg, p<0.001), liver weight(50mg, p<0.01), spleen weight(10mg, p<0.05), AST(all groups, p<0.01), ALT(2mg, p<0.01 ;10mg, p<0.05 ;50mg, p<0.01), BUN(2mg, p<0.01 ;50mg, p<0.05). Although immunological in both lymphocyte proliferation and its subsets were not observed, which shows that Soamgudamikgitang has a strong effect on T cell activities. Conclusions : From the above results, we can expect that the combined therapy of Soamgudamikgitang and Cyclophosphamide is more effective for treating cancer patients.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2000

During the recent epidemic period ($1995{\sim}1996$), seven strains of rubella virus were isolated in Korea. To analyze phylogenetic relationship between seven Korean strains and rubella virus strains from other different geographical areas, structural genes (E1, E2 and C) of Korean strains were enzymatically amplified and automatically sequenced. The sequence similarities of the E1, E2 and C genes of the cosmopolitan types were $95.8{\sim}98.1%$, $92.6{\sim}99.2%$ and $96.4{\sim}99.3%$ based on 1,441, 122 and 139 nucleotides and $96.9{\sim}98.5%$, $90{\sim}100%$ and $97.8{\sim}100%$ based on 480, 40 and 46 amino acids compared to the sequences of strain RA27/3, respectively. In contrast, the sequence similarities of the E1, E2 and C genes of the Asian types were $91.5{\sim}92.1%$, $83.6{\sim}88.5%$ and 91.4% based on nucleotides and $96.9{\sim}97.7%$, 85.5% and 97.8% based on amino acids compared to the sequences of strain RA27/3, respectively. However, immunodominent epitopes of the E1 gene of the cosmopolitan and Asian types were well conserved, and the growth patterns in cell culture and immunofluorescent antibody titers in cross-reaction test showed no differences between two different types. In phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of each gene regions, the cosmopolitan and Asian types formed two distinct phylogenetic lineages. These data showed two distinct genotypes of rubella viruses cocirculated in Korea, but no significant differences in the antigenicity of two different rubella virus strains were found.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2016

최근 정보통신망의 발전과 스마트 폰의 대량 보급으로 인하여 인터넷 트래픽이 기하급수적으로 증가하고 있다. 이와 관련하여, 본 논문은 증가하고 있는 인터넷 침해사고와 네트워크 공격 중 대표적인 DDoS 공격에 대해서 탐지 및 분석한다. 이를 위해 네트워크 플로우 정보를 바탕으로 동작할 수 있도록 기존의 ATMSim 분석 패키지의 기능과 GUI를 개선하고, 이를 이용하여 캠퍼스 내부 LAN을 통해 대량으로 유입되는 정상적인 트래픽과 DDoS 공격이 포함된 비정상 트래픽을 생성한다. 수집 생성된 정상 비정상 트래픽의 특성을 분석하기 위해서 자기유사성 추정 기법을 이용하여, 그래픽 분석 및 Hurst 파라메터 (자기유사성 파라메터) 추정량 분석결과 정상 트래픽과 비정상 트래픽이 자기유사성 관점에서 추정치 Hurst 값이 높음을 보여 주고 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.84-92
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• 2015

Interferon inducible transmembrane protein (IFITM) family 유전자는 인터페론(IFNs)의 동형 세포부착 기능 및 세포의 항-증식 활성과 같은 몇 가지 세포증식 과정에 연관되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 IFITM2 및 IFITM5 SNPs이 궤양성대장염의 감수성과 연관되어 있는지 알아 보고자 했다. 본 연구에서 직접 염기서열 분석법을 사용하여 IFITM2 유전자에서 총 13개, IFITM5 유전자에서는 12개의 유전적 변이를 발굴하였다. 이들의 SNPs의 유전자형 분석은 PCR-RFLP 법과 Taq-Man probe 분석법을 사용하였고, 일배체형 빈도 분석은 EM algorithm을 사용하여 분석하였다. 궤양성대장염 환자에서 IFITM2 및 IFITM5 SNPs의 유전자형과 대립유전자 빈도는 건강인 대조군과 비교했을 때 유의성이 없었다. 궤양성대장염 환자와 정상인 대조군에서 IFITM1의 rs77537847, IFITM2의 rs909097, IFITM5의 rs56069858을 지표로 하는 유전자형 조합 빈도를 분석한 결과 주된 유전자형 조합빈도에서는 유의성이 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 궤양성대장염 환자와 건강인 대조군의 GGT 유전자형조합 빈도 분석에서는 유의하게 다른 차이를 보였다(p=0.002). 이러한 결과에 의거하여 IFITMs의 SNPs 유전자형 조합이 궤양성대장염의 감수성과 연관성이 있고, 궤양성대장염의 유용한 유전자 마커로 사용 할 수 있다고 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1651-1656
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• 2008

Redox factor-1 (Ref-1)은 산화적으로 손상된 DNA의 복구와 세포내 산화환원에 민감한 전사인자들의 활성화에 필수적인 역할을 수행한다. 본 연구에서는 마우스 유래 혈관내피세포주 (MAE)에서 nitric oxide (NO) 생성과정에 관여하는 AKT 활성화의 측면에서 adenoviral vector를 사용하여 과발현된 Ref-1의 역할을 살펴보았다. NO 측정을 위하여 fluorophore DAF-2를 사용하였다. 과발현된 Ref-1은 bradykinin으로 자극한 세포뿐만 아니라 자극되지 않은 세포의 NO 생성도 증가시켰다. 놀랍게도 이 과발현된 Ref-1은 AKT의 직접적인 인산화를 유도하였으며, AKT 저해제로 널리 사용되는 wortmannin에 의해 반응이 억제되었다. 또한, Ref-1에 의한 직접적인 AKT 활성화를 증명하기 위하여 HA-tagged activation-deficient AKT를 과발현시키는 adenoviral vector를 사용하였다. 이 방법을 이용한 AKT 활성의 저해는 과발현된 Ref-1에 의한 NO 생성 및 bradykinin 자극에 의한 NO 생성을 억제하였다. 이들 결과는 Ref-1이 마우스 혈관내피세포에서 직접적인 AKT 인산화를 통하여 eNOS 활성화를 유도한다는 것을 의미한다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.211-226
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• 1986

To understand the pathogenesis of anicteric leptospirosis with severe pulmonary hemorrhage occured in Korea, the microbiological and pathological features were observed in the experimentally induced leptospirosis in guinea pigs infected with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans isolated from the patient at Wonju, Korea, and the results are summarized as follows. 1. The main pathological features were widespread hemorrhages, especially affecting lung, skeletal muscles, retroperitoneal and perirenal adipose tissues. The hemorrhages accompanied inflammatory process especially of vasculitic pattern as well as occasional coagulation necrosis in the liver, skeletal muscle, and myocardium. The main inflammatory cells were of plasma cell even in the fairly early stage of the infection. 2. Those pathologic changes were more exaggerated in the inoculation site. 3. Within 144 hours of infection, the longer the infection time, the more antigens were observed in the tissues, and the severer the pathologic changes. 4. Leptospiral antigens were detected at first by indirect immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase technics. As the infection time extended, the antigens were observed in all of the tissues examined except in the skeletal muscle. The shape of the antigens was spiral or thread-like within 72 hours of infection. As the infection progressed, they became fragmented and granular. 5. Leptospires were detected in the blood within 144 hours of infection by darkfield microscopic examination. Thereafter, none was observed. 6. Antibody to leptospires were detected as early as 72 hours of infection. In summary, the virulent strain of L. interrogans used in this experiment induced widespread hemorrhages with inflammatory reaction especially in lung, skeletal muscles, and retroperitoneal adipose tissue. With these findings, it is suggested that the direct toxic effect of leptospires might playa great role in the pathogenesis of this infection.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2006

Tolaasin은 Pseudomonas tolaasii에 의해 생성된 분자량 1,985 Da의 펩티드로서 재배버섯에 갈반병을 유발하는 원인 독소이다. Tolaasin은 곰팡이, 세균, 식물세포 뿐만 아니라 적혈구의 원형질막에 이온통로를 형성하여 세포를 파괴한다. $Zn^{+2}$는 tolaasin의 활성을 저해함이 알려졌으나, 자세한 기작은 밝혀지지 않았다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 tolaasin의 이온통로 형성에 대한 분자기작을 밝히기 위하여, 적혈구 용혈현상에 대한 $Zn^{+2}$의 저해효과를 조사하였다. $Zn^{+2}$와 $Cd^{+2}$은 tolaasin의 용혈활성을 농도의존적으로 저해하였으며, Ki 값은 각각 170 ${\mu}M$과 20 mM 이었다. $Zn^{+2}$의 저해효과는 EDTA의 첨가로 제거되어 $Zn^{+2}$의 효과가 가역적임을 보여준다. 한편, tolaasin과 함께 삼투억제제인 PEG 2000을 가하였을 때, 용혈현상은 나타나지 않았다. 적혈구를 원심분리로 회수하고 PEG 2000을 제거한 후, 신선한 반응용액에 현탁하였을 때, 용혈현상은 즉시 관측되었다. 그러나, 이때에도 $Zn^{+2}$가 존재시에는 용혈현상이 억제되었으며, 이것은 삼투억제제의 처리중에 이미 이온통로가 만들어졌음을 의미한다. 이러한 결과는 $Zn^{+2}$가 tolaasin의 세포막 결합 및 이온통로 형성에는 영향이 적으며, 형성된 이온통로의 활성을 저해함을 보인다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.276-280
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 경기(용인, 안성, 광주) 및 강원지역(오대산)에서 재래식 방법으로 제조된 청국장을 수집하여 지역별 발효 균주들의 동정과 특성분석 및 당 발효능을 조사하였다. 수집된 청국장에서 22종류의 균주를 분리하였고, 16S rDNA의 서열을 분석한 결과 이들은 대부분 Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis로 동정되었다. 경기지역의 주요 발효 균주는 B. subtilis와 B. licheniformis, 강원 지역은 B. licheniformis로 동정되었으며, 일반적인 생장 특성은 $5{\sim}7$시간의 유도기를 지나 $23{\sim}40$시간 이후에 휴지기로 접어들었다. 휴지기에 접어든 분리 균주들의 최대 생장 총 균수는 $1{\times}10^6\;CFU/ml$과 $5{\times}10^7\;CFU/ml$ 사이에 있었다. 균주들 간 당 발효능의 차이에 있어서 용인 지역은 D-xylose, xylitol, D-tagatose, Methyl-$\alpha$-D-mannopyranoside가, 안성은 D-lactose, D-tagatose, D-xylose, Methyl-$\alpha$-D-mannopyranoside, amygdalin, arbutin, esculin, 2-keto-gluconate가, 광주는 L-rhamnose, inositol, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, celibiose, gluconate가, 그리고 오대산은 D-lactose에서 좋은 당 발효능을 보였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.339-348
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• 2014

The transcriptomes of four ginseng accessions such as Cheonryang (Korean ginseng cultivar), Yunpoong (Korean ginseng cultivar), G03080 (breeding line of Korean ginseng), and P. quinquefolius (American ginseng) was characterized. As a result of sequencing, total lengths of the reads in each sample were 156.42 Mb (Cheonryang cultivar), 161.95 Mb (Yunpoong cultivar), 165.07 Mb (G03080 breeding line), and 166.48 Mb (P. quinquefolius). Using a BLAST search against the Phytozome databases with an arbitrary expectation value of 1E-10, over 20,000 unigenes were functionally annotated and classified using DAVID software, and were found in response to external stress in the G03080 breeding line, as well as in the Cheonryang cultivar, which was associated with the ion binding term. Finally, unigenes related to transmembrane transporter activity were observed in Cheonryang and P. quinquefolius, which involves controlling osmotic pressure and turgor pressure within the cell. The expression patterns were analyzed to identify dehydrin family genes that were abundantly detected in the Cheonryang cultivar and the G03080 breeding line. In addition, the Yunpoong cultivar and P. quinquefolius accession had higher expression of heat shock proteins expressed in Ricinus communis. These results will be a valuable resource for understanding the structure and function of the ginseng transcriptomes.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2002

Objectives : To investigate the therapeutic compliance and its related factors in lung cancer patients. Methods : The subjects of this study comprised 277 patients first diagnosed with lung cancer at Kyungpook National University Hospital between Jan 1999 and Sept 1999. Of these, 141(50.9%) participated in the study by properly replying to structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed using a simplified Health Decision Model. This model includes categories of variables covering therapeutic compliance, health beliefs, patient preferences, knowledge and experience, social interaction, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Results : The therapeutic compliance rate of the 141 study subjects was 78.0%. An analysis of health beliefs and patient preferences revealed health concern (p<0.05), dependency on medicine (p<0.05), perceived susceptibility and severity (p<0.05) as well as preferred treatment (p<0.01) as factors related to therapeutic compliance. Factors from the sociodemographic characteristics and clinical factors that were related to therapeutic compliance were age (p<0.01), monthly income (p<0.05), histological type (p<0.05) and clinical stage (p<0.05) of cancer. Conclusions : In order to improve therapeutic compliance in lung cancer patients it is necessary to educate the aged, low-income patients, or patients who have small cell lung cancer or lune cancer of an advanced stage for which surgery is not indicated. Additionally, it is essential for medical personnel to have a deep concern about patients who have poor lifestyles, a low dependency on medicine, or a high perceived susceptibility and severity. Practically, early diagnosis of lung cancer and thoughtful considerations of low-income patients are important. By means of population-based education in a community, we may promote attention to health and enhance the early diagnosis of lung cancer.