• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.133-141
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• 2001

Adherence of probiotic bacteria to intestinal epithelium is found to be the most principal characteristics among the various physiological functionality. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bifidobacterial growth properties and condition on the Caco-2 cell adherence and to construct a basic data on adherence-related research. Among 20 strains of bifidobacteris tested, when measured by cell surface hydrophobicity(CSH) and cell agglutination(CA), Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC29521, Bif. adolescentis K8, and Bif. infantis K9 were selected. Using these strains, variations of Caso-2 cell adherence depending upon experimental condition were analyzed. The results obtained are as follows : Even though Bif. bifidum ATCC29521, Bif. adolescentis K8, and Bif. infantis K9 reached more 85% cell surface hydrophobicity there was no significant difference in cell agglutination, when reached 31.54$\pm$0.54mg/ml. By direct count method for adherence, viable cell count of M3, K1, K2, K8, K9 and K10 reached more 100 counts per 100 Caco-2 cells. When Bif. bifidum ATCC29521, Bif. adolescentistis K8, and Bif. infantis K9 were used to compare the adherence depending upon viable cell counts, reaction time, and growth phase, the more viable cell count, and the more adhered cell counts, the less adherence percentage. In addition, there was no difference in adherence percentage of bifidobacteria when bifidobacteria was incubated from 1 to 8 hrs after Caco-2 cells already formed monolayer. Considering of the effect of growth phase of bifidobacteria on adherence variation, all strains showed the highest adherence during the early stage of stationary phase. In conclusion, adherence of bifidobacteria was affected by strain specificity, viable cell count, and growth activity.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.75-85
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• 1982

In order to demonstrate the effect of specific serum IgG antibody on the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to smooth surface and the mechanism of effective adherence inhibition by IgG antibody, in the present study authors obtained purified IgG from different immunogen preparations of S. mutans NCTC 10449(serotype c) and observed the effect of each IgG preparation on the adherence of each S. mutans strain cultured in different conditions. In addition, the present study was undertaken to observe the cross-reactivity of IgG and the effect of sucrose concentration on the adherence of S. mutans in vitro non-growth condition. The adherence of S. mutans to glass surface was effectively inhibited by serum IgG antibody. At the same IgG concentrations, anti-2% fructose grown/1N NaCl washed S. mutans NCTC 10449 cell showed greater adherence inhibitory effect to S. mutans strains than anti-2% sucrose grown and anti-S. mutans NCTC 10449 cell wall, and the greater inhibitory effects of IgG preparations were observed in assay using 2% fructose grown S. mutans cell preparations than using 0.1% sucrose grown cell preparations. These results suggest that the more effective adherence inhibition by serum IgG antibody is due to the reaction with S. mutans cell surface antigens rather than glucan and cell-associated glucosyltransferase. The greatest adherence inhibitory effect of IgG to S. mutans strains was observed on homologous NCTC 10449 strain and the inhibition cross-reactivities were observed between serotype c, e, and f strains. More pronounced cross-reactivity of adherence inhibition of IgG to S. mutans was observed in assay using anti-2% fructose grown/1N NaCl washed cell than using other IgG preparations, and observed in assay using 2% fructose grown S. mutans cell preparations than 0.1% sucrose grown cell preparations. It was interested that low, but adequate concentration of reactive IgG antibody significantly increased the adherence ability of S. mutans. This result may be due to the formation of small cell aggregates resulted in a increase in the numbers of organisms which adhered to glass surface. The adherence of S. mutans to glass surface was possible in the absence of glucan-synthetic activity. Low level of sucrose significantly increased the adherence ability of S. mutans to glass surface, but excessive amount of sucrose induced large cell aggregates resulted in a decrease in the numbers of organism which adhered.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 1991

폐홉충(Paragonimus westermani) 초기 감염시의 숙주 면역 기전을 알아보기 위하여 폐흡충 피낭유충을 백서에 감염시켜 주별(주별)로 항혈청을 분리하고 등일 백서에서 복강 대식세포(homologous rat peritoneal macrophage)를 얻은 다음, 이들과 폐흡충 탈낭유충 및 숙주 조직 이행중인 유약충으로 effector system을 조작하여 폐흡충 유충에 대한 항체 의존성 대식세포 공격기전을 관찰하였다. 백서 복강 대식세포는 항혈청 출현 시에만 폐흡충 탈낭유충에 대한 세포부착 반응(cell adherence reaction)을 보였고 이 반응에는 보체가 관여하지 않았다. 폐흡충 감염 1주에서 8주까지의 백서 항혈청 중 2주째에 분리한 항쳔청 실험군에서 100%의 세포부착 반응을 나타내었고 사멸된 충체를 관찰할 수 있었으며, 세포부착 반응은 탈낭 유충기에서만 나타나는 반면 조직이행 유약충에서는 전혀 그 반응을 인정할 수 얼어 폐흡충 감염에 따른 항체의존성 숙주 세포 매개독성(antibodydependent cell·mediated cytotoxicity)은 발육단계 별 특이성을 보였다. 한편, 대식세포의 공격에 의하여 사멸된 폐흡충 탈낭유충의 형태학적 특징은 대식세포와 유충 사이에 형성되는 fuzzy material, tegumental syncytium 내의 미세구조의 변성 및 syncytium과 근육층을 연결하는 tubular tunnel의 형성 등이었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.283-289
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• 1989

In order to measure in vitro cell mediated immunity in the guinea pigs sensitized with the killed bacilli of Mycobacterium bovis ($AN_5$), M avium (serotype 2), M tuberculosis and M intracellulare (serotype 8), leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test was established using the antigens of purified protein derivatives (PPD) tuberculin. By using LAI test, specificity of cell-mediated immune responses of the guinea pigs inoculated with various Mycobacterium spp was investigated, and comparison between values of LAI and skin test was also made to evaluate the specificity of the newly designed test. The results obtained throughout the experiments were summarized as follows; 1. The optimal concentration of PPD antigens for LAI test was 1 to 2mg per ml of medium. 2. When the leukocytes of guinea pigs sensitized with both M bovis($AN_5$) and M avium (serotype 2) for 2 to 8 weeks were incubated with homologous or heterologous PPD antigens, mean values of LAI test were $61.2{\pm}11.2$ and $65.6{\pm}5.1%$ in homologous PPD antigens respectively, while $30.0{\pm}3.7$ and $32.8{\pm}5.7%$ in heteNlogous PPD antigens, showing the prominently high value of LAI in the homologous syst,em (p<0.01). 3. When the leukocytes of guinea pigs sensitized with both M tuberculosis and M intracellulare (serotype 8) for 2 to 8 weeks were incubated with homologous and heterologous PPD antigens, mean values of LAI test were $67.9{\pm}2.9$ and $66.9{\pm}5.0%$ in homologous PPD antigens, while $27.4{\pm}7.4$ and $24.4{\pm}7.1%$ in heterologous PPD antigens, showing the prominently high value of LAI in the homologous system (p<0.01). 4. Comparing with the specificity of LAI and skin tests on the basis of the value obtained from the homologous system, deviation of reaction was revealed to be 49.5 to 100.2 in LAI test, and -15.9 to 52.0 in skin test.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.343-349
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Fermentation of dietary fiber results in production of various short chain fatty acids in the colon. In particular, butyrate is reported to regulate the physical and functional integrity of the normal colonic mucosa by altering mucin gene expression or the number of goblet cells. The objective of this study was to investigate whether butyrate modulates mucin secretion in LS174T human colorectal cells, thereby influencing the adhesion of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains and subsequently inhibiting pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli. In addition, possible signaling pathways involved in mucin gene regulation induced by butyrate treatment were also investigated. MATERIALS/METHODS: Mucin protein content assay and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were performed in LS174T cells treated with butyrate at various concentrations. Effects of butyrate on the ability of probiotics to adhere to LS174T cells and their competition with E. coli strains were examined. Real time polymerase chain reaction for mucin gene expression and Taqman array 96-well fast plate-based pathway analysis were performed on butyrate-treated LS174T cells. RESULTS: Treatment with butyrate resulted in a dose-dependent increase in mucin protein contents in LS174T cells with peak effects at 6 or 9 mM, which was further confirmed by PAS staining. Increase in mucin protein contents resulted in elevated adherence of probiotics, which subsequently reduced the adherent ability of E. coli. Treatment with butyrate also increased transcriptional levels of MUC3, MUC4, and MUC12, which was accompanied by higher gene expressions of signaling kinases and transcription factors involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, butyrate is an effective regulator of modulation of mucin protein production at the transcriptional and translational levels, resulting in changes in the adherence of gut microflora. Butyrate potentially stimulates the MAPK signaling pathway in intestinal cells, which is positively correlated with gut defense.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.299-308
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• 2009

We manufactured PVA-derived hydrogels using a foam generation technique that has been widely used to prepare colloidal gas aphrons(CGA). These gels were differentiated to the conventional gels such as for medical or pharmaceutical applications, which have tiny pores and some crystalline structure. Rather these should be used in de-pollution devices or adhesion of cells or biomolecules. The crosslinkers used in this work were amino acid, organic acid, sugars and lipids(vitamins). The structures of the gels were observed in a scanned electron microscope. Amino acids gels showed remarkably higher swelling ratios probably because their typical functional groups help constructing a highly crosslinked network along with hydrogen bonds. Boric acid and starch would catalyze dehydration while structuring to result in much lower water content and accordingly high gel content, leading to less elastic, hard gels. Bulky materials such as ascorbic acid or starch produced, in general, large pores in the matrices and also nicotinamide, having large hydrophobic patches was likely to enlarge pore size of its gels as well since the hydrophobicity would expel water molecules, thus leading to reduced swelling. Hydrophilicity(or hydrophobicity), functional groups which are involved in the reaction or physical linkage, and bulkiness of crosslinkers were found to be more critical to gel's cross linking structure and its density than molecular weights that seemed to be closely related to pore sizes. Microscopic observation revealed that pores were more or less homogeneous and their average sizes were $20{\mu}m$ for methionine, $10-15{\mu}m$ for citric acid, $50-70{\mu}m$ for L-ascorbic acid, $30-40{\mu}m$ for nicotinamide, and $70-80{\mu}m$ for starch. Also a sensory test showed that amino acid and glucose gels were more elastic meanwhile acid and nicotinamide gels turned out to be brittle or non-elastic at their high concentrations. The elasticity of a gel was reasonably correlated with its water content or swelling ratio. In addition, the PVA gel including 20% ascorbic acid showed fair ability of cell adherence as 0.257mg/g-hydrogel and completely degraded phenanthrene(10 mM) in 240 h.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2017

Carbon monoxide (CO)는 세포 보호의 기능을 가지는 항산화 효소인 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)의 대사산물로 세포성장, 아폽토시스, 염증에 대한 억제 효과를 보이는 것으로 보고가 이어지고 있고, 이에 관련된 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 CO가 단핵구의 대식세포로의 분화 및 그 활성화 과정에 미치는 영향을 인간 단핵구세포주 THP-1을 이용하여 조사하였다. CO-releasing compound인 CORM-2는 phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)로 자극한 THP-1 세포에서 viability와 증식에는 큰 영향을 주지 않았으나 부착능의 뚜렷한 감소를 보였다. 그리고, CORM-2는 대식세포의 막표면 분화 인자인 CD14, CD11b 및 CD18의 발현과 latex beads를 이용한 포식 기능을 현저히 억제하였다. 다음으로, 배양중인 THP-1 세포를 PMA로 6일 동안 대식세포로 분화시킨 후 inflammatory cytokines의 분비와 포식 기능을 조사하였다. CORM-2의 처리는 lipopolysaccaride (LPS)로 자극한 대식세포로부터 분비되는 IL-6와 $TNF-{\alpha}$의 분비를 감소시켰다. 또한, 분화된 대식세포에 E. coli (K-12 strain) bioparticles를 이용하여 포식 기능을 측정한 결과 CORM-2를 처리한 세포에서는 현저히 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 이를 종합해 볼 때, CO는 항원 인식과 포식 기능에 관여하는 막단백질의 발현을 저해함으로써 단핵구의 분화과정을 억제하였고, 분화된 대식세포의 inflammatory cytokines의 분비 및 포식 기능을 저해함으로써 활성화 과정도 억제하는 것으로 보인다.