• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2015

Objective: Pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) form the base of the abdomino-pelvic cavity and also the PFMs function is important for urinary continence. PFMs training (PFMT) is considered to be the first method for PFM dysfunction. This study demonstrated correct PFMs contraction among commonly used different contraction methods for PFMT. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: In this study, nineteen middle-aged (40-70 years) women participated. To evaluate PFM function, ultrasonography was used to measure the distance of the bladder base movement. The distance of the PFM movements were calculated at rest and during the other contractions. The following four different contraction methods were performed randomly: (1) PFM contraction, (2) abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM), (3) anal contraction, and (4) hip adductor muscle contraction. The participants held the contraction for 3 seconds for a total of 3 times with a 30 seconds rest period between each trial. The mean of three measurements in each position were obtained and compared with that in the resting position. Results: The bladder base movement values were significantly greater when comparing PFM with ADIM and hip adductor contractions (p<0.05). The bladder base movement values were significantly greater when comparing ADIM and anal contractions with hip adductor contractions (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that performing PFM contractions is the best method among the common methods for PFMT. Performing PFM contractions was more effective than the other contraction methods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.578-583
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• 2001

The bushing for high voltage and large and power should endure weight of itself and force of pushing from contact with circuit breaker. Like this, epoxy mold bushing has to be strong without fault. However, the external circumstances and internal factors was caused by partial discharge, flashover and dielectric breakdown. Therefore, to remove external factor of defect and to prevent the internal cracks and cavity generated from the contraction on interface of Cu-Epoxy, we should form semi-conductive layer on Cu bar by carbon. Then, the PD properties and the insulation qualities of epoxy mold type bushing was able to improved by roles of cushions for the direction of diameter and by effects fo natural sliding like as separated from conductor for the direction of length. So, in this work, we could prove the method of semi-conductive layer in making the long conductor.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.315-330
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• 2006

Flow and scalar dispersion around Cheomseongdae are numerically investigated using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the renormalization group (RNG) $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence closure scheme. Cheomseongdae is an ancient astronomical observatory in Gyeongju, Korea, and is chosen as a model obstacle because of its unique shape, that is, a cylinder-shaped architectural structure with its radius varying with height. An interesting feature found is a mid-height saddle point behind Cheomseongdae. Different obstacle shapes and corresponding flow convergences help to explain the presence of the saddle point. The predicted size of recirculation zone formed behind Cheomseongdae increases with increasing ambient wind speed and decreases with increasing ambient turbulence intensity. The relative roles of inertial and eddy forces in producing cavity flow zones around an obstacle are conceptually presented. An increase in inertial force promotes flow separation. Consequently, cavity flow zones around the obstacle expand and flow reattachment occurs farther downwind. An increase in eddy force weakens flow separation by mixing momentum there. This results in the contraction of cavity flow zones and flow reattachment occurs less far downwind. An increase in ambient wind speed lowers predicted scalar concentration. An increase in ambient turbulence intensity lowers predicted maximum scalar concentration and acts to distribute scalars evenly.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 1990

These studies were conducted to investigate the effects of Tongkwan-San water extract on analgesic, sedatative, anti-inflammatory, blood pressure and vasodilating actions, the relaxing action of isolated ileums and actions on the contact dermatitis induced by picryl chloride and on the leakage of the dye into the peritoneal cavity. The results of these studies were summarized as follows: The analgesic effect of Tongkwan-San was noted. The prolongation of anesthetic time of Tongkwan-San was recognized. Spontaneous motilities of isolated ileum of mice were strongly suppressed by Tongkwan-San. It inhibited the contractions of isolated ileum of mice induced by acetylcholine and barium chloride and the contraction of isolated ileum of guinea-pig induced by histamine. Inhibition of the contact dermatitis induced by picryl chloride was recognized. Anti-inflammatory effects in the paw edema induced by histamine and dextran were significantly shown. The leakage of dye into the peritoneal cavity in mice was significantly inhibited. Hypotensive and vasodilating action due to vascular smooth muscle relaxation were noted in rats and rabbits.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.423-429
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• 1998

Human pharynx is unique, acting as a complex interchange between the oral cavity and esophagus, and between the nasal cavity and lungs. It is actively involved in the transport of food and liquid, producing the forces that guide that bolus into the upper esophagus and away from the adjacent larynx and lungs. This study intended to develop a biomechanical model of the human pharynx, utilizing Finite Element Method(FEM). Within each model changes in cross sectional intralumenal area were calculated and compared with the area from the computer-generated FE model. Area matching allowed estimation of intraluminal pressure gradients during swallow. The estimated pharyngeal pressure gradient varies from one region to another. The estimated pharyngeal pressure gradients showed different patterns for upper four levels and lower four levels. The contraction velocity for upper four levels is much higher than lower four levels. The higher contraction velocities and pressure gradients in the upper levels are consistent with the bolus velocities required for efficient swallow.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2017

Background: Turbinate hypertrophy is one of the common causes of chronic nasal obstruction. In principle, therapeutic guidelines recommend medical treatment. Failure to treat turbinate thickening despite drug therapy may indicate the need for surgery. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of radiofrequency surgery, among various other surgical procedures, on people with both nasal septal deviation and turbinate hypertrophy. Methods: Among people with nasal deviation who visited the subject hospital between July 2008 to July 2014, 21 people with nasal septal deviation and severe turbinate hypertrophy before their surgery had undergone septoplasty with turbinoplasty using radiofrequency combined with septoplasty. The degree of the turbinate's hypertrophy was appraised in all the patients before and after the surgery using the rhinoscopy, and acoustic rhinometry was objectively carried out. The subjective effect of the turbinoplasty using radiofrequency was explored through the visual analog scale (VAS) score. Results: The degree of contraction of the nasal mucosa after the rhinoscopy changed from Grades 3 and 4 (100%) to Grades 1 and 2 (95.2%) and Grades 3 (4.8%). The minimal cross-sectional area significantly increased from $0.44{\pm}0.07$ to $0.70{\pm}0.07cm^2$ (p<0.05). The nasal cavity volume increased from $4.79{\pm}0.49$ to $6.76{\pm}0.55cm^2$ (p<0.05). The subjective symptoms evaluated with VAS score a year after the surgery significantly improved (p<0.05). Conclusion: Turbinoplasty using Coblator with septoplasty is an effective treatment method because it expands nasal cavity, has a low incidence of complications, subjectively improves symptoms, and has short treatment duration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.9-12
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• 2000

Insulators for high-voltage and large-power should be endured mechanically the weight of mold bushing itself and the force of pushed from contact with circuit breaker and conductor. But dielectric breakdown could be occurred result from the external circumstances and internal factors such as chemical reaction, partial discharge, change of temperature and the relation of temperature-time in process of casting. Therefore, to get rid of external and internal factors of dielectric breakdown. Furthermore, to prevent the internal cracks, void, cavity which resulted from the contraction originated on the interface between copper and epoxy resin, formed semi-conductive layer with partially carbon painted on copper bar. The PD properties and the insulation qualities of epoxy molded insulators were improved by roles of cushions for the direction of diameter and natural sliding effects as like separated from conductor for the direction of length.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.18-30
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• 1982

For the purpose of improving the casting yields of ductile iron castings, the casting conditions for riserlese design were investigated with 150mm cube. As the important casting conditions, chemical composition, pouring temperature, mold rigidity and cooling rate were confirmed. 1. We could obtain the sound castings with the hypereutectic ductile iron. 2. In order to reduce liquid contraction, the pouring temperature should be low as much as possible 3. We could obtain the sound castings through using the rigid mold without mold cavity deformation 4. The modulus of the castings should be 2.5cm one or larger.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 2011

Acoustic emission (AE) signals were detected and analyzed in real time during the polymerization shrinkage of composite resin restoration in an artificial dental ring with a class I cavity. Most AE hit events were observed in the initial curing period of the 1st region with high contraction rate. The range of the $2^{nd}$ region for the stainless steel specimen was shorter than that for the PMMA specimen but longer than that for the human dentin specimen. AE hit events showed a blast-type signal having an amplitude in the range of 25.45 dB and a frequency band of 100.200 kHz or 240.300 kHz. These values of amplitude and frequency indicated the fracture of resin or of the adhesive layer.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2019

Composite resin restorations in posterior teeth are increasing due to the aesthetic needs of patients and the development of materials. This trend will accelerate in line with domestic insurance policies. However, resin composites generate stresses due to their contraction during the polymerization process. To reduce the polymerization shrinkage stress of resin composites, incremental layering technique has been recommended for decades. This technique reduces stress at the cavity wall interface and allows a more efficient light curing of the material. Bulk-fill resin composites have been designed to simplify the restorative technique because they can be placed into cavities in a single increment of 4-5mm. The simplification of the operative procedures is desirable in clinical daily practice. In this context, bulk-fill resin composites are an attractive alternative for posterior restorations. However, a clearer understanding of the clinical performance of this relatively new class of materials in comparison to conventional resin composites is required. Based on previous studies, the aim of the current review was to present the clinical criteria for the use of bulk-fill composites in direct restorations of posterior teeth.