• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.84-87
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• 2003

Drowsy driving is a major cause of automobile crashes and can lead to more serious injuries than other causes of traffic accidents. Factors increasing the risk of drowsy driving and related crashes include sleep loss, late night driving, untreated or unrecognized sleep disorders, use of sedating medications and consumption of alcohol. Young people, especially young males, shift workers, and people with untreated sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy are well known as the population groups at highest risk. To prevent drowsy driving and its consequences, getting adequate and quality sleep is both easier and much more successful than any remedial measure. Other helpful behaviors include avoidance of alcoholic beverages and limiting late night driving. Taking a short nap or consuming caffeine can make a short-term difference in driving alertness. In addition, information should be actively provided to the public about the importance of sleep disorders and their consequences. To reduce injuries and death caused by drowsy driving, it is a prerequisite to increase public awareness that drowsy driving can cause serious automobile crashes and has morbidity and mortality rates as high as those of drunk driving.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.12
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• pp.379-384
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• 2017

Feeding is an interaction between a child and caregiver, and feeding difficulty is an umbrella term encompassing all feeding problems, regardless of etiology, severity, or consequences, while feeding disorder refers to an inability or refusal to eat sufficient quantities or variety of food to maintain adequate nutritional status, leading to substantial consequences, including malnutrition, impaired growth, and possible neurocognitive dysfunction. There are 6 representative feeding disorder subtypes in young children: infantile anorexia, sensory food aversion, reciprocity, posttraumatic type, state regulation, and feeding disorders associated with concurrent medical conditions. Most feeding difficulties are nonorganic and without any underlying medical condition, but organic causes should also be excluded from the beginning, through thorough history taking and physical examination, based on red-flag symptoms and signs. Age-appropriate feeding principles may support effective treatment of feeding difficulties in practice, and systematic approaches for feeding difficulties in young children, based on each subtype, may be beneficial.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.215-251
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• 2014

This study explores the main causes that have led Japan to conclude an FTA with ASEAN. This paper appraises Japan-ASEAN relations and shows that closer relations between Japan and ASEAN have provided momentum for the launch of Japan's FTAs with ASEAN. Consequently, this paper explores the origins and progress of Japan-ASEAN FTA, as well as the strategies and initiatives embraced by Japan in its FTA negotiations with ASEAN. By examining the domestic, regional, and global factors that led to the launch of the Japan-ASEAN FTA, this paper concludes that the strategies adopted were primarily aimed at its main rival, China. The rivalry has resulted in both positive and negative consequences for East Asian Regional economic environment. The negative consequences include the creation of a "spaghetti bowl", which increases costs for Japanese firms operating abroad, and "slows down the progress of the creation of an effective single regional institution".

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.352-363
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• 2023

Sarcopenia is a condition in which muscle mass and strength are decreased and muscle function is impaired. It is an indicator of frailty and loss of independence in older adults. It is also associated with increased physical disability, which increases the risk of falls. As a multifactorial disease, sarcopenia is caused by a combination of factors including aging, hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, and physical inactivity. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology of sarcopenia and identifying its different causes is critical to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, consequences, diagnostic methods, and multidisciplinary approaches to sarcopenia.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.96-107
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• 1991

At the design stage of a plant, the plausible causes and pathways of release of hazardous materials are not clearly known. Thus there exist large amount of uncertainties on the consequences resulting from the operation of a fusion plant. In order to better handle such uncertain circumstances, we utilize the Probabilistic Risk Assessment(PRA) for the safety analyses on fusion power plant. In this paper, we concentrate on the tritium release accident. We develop a simple model that describes the process and flow of tritium, by which we figure out the locations of tritium inventory and their vulnerability. We construct event tree models that lead to various levels of tritium release from abnormal initiating events. Branch parameters on the event tree are assessed from the fault tree analysis. Based on the event tree models we construct influence diagram models which are more useful for the parameter updating and analysis. We briefly discuss the parameter updating scheme, and finally develop the methodology to obtain the predictive distribution of consequences resulting from the operating a fusion power plant. We also discuss the way to utilize the results of testing on sub-systems to reduce the uncertain ties on over all system.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.948-953
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• 2007

Acute renal failure is the generic term for an abrupt and sustained decrease in renal function resulting in retention of nitrogenous and non nitrogenous waste product. This may results in life threatening consequences including volume overload, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. Acute renal failure is both common and carries high mortality rate, but as it is often preventable, identification of patients at risk and and appropriate management are crucial. This review summarized the most recent information on definition, epidemiology, clinical causes and management of acute renal failure in pediatric patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 1998

Hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis is one of the safety analysis method that is used in the chemical complex, because it can systematically identify causes and consequences of all the deviation that could occur. Since this method needs to hire specialized experts, it is costly and time-consuming. Therefore HAZOP Expert System has been developed to automate this analysis. This approach introduced object-oriented method and knowledge representation which is hierarchical tree of units to supply flexibility in the system, functional semantic network, propagation equation and rule-chaining method to set up the expert system for automating HAZOP analysis.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.61.2-61.2
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• 2011

HI gas disks are known to be the largest ISM reservoir in most late type galaxies. When the HI properties of galaxies such as total mass, density, and distribution change, the galaxies may evolve quite differently. In this talk, I will present two groups of galaxies, one undergoing HI stripping and one accreting more gas. I will discuss causes of gas stripping and accretion, and possible consequences in galaxy evolution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.278-285
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• 2016

The key features of maritime accidents are the change of their attributes by new risks from time to time. To prevent maritime accidents in Korea, the impacts by new risks on domestic safety environments should be identified or predicted. The purpose of this paper is to find the hazard factors by new risks on maritime safety in Korea. The meaning of new risks is the elements of accident hazard which is compiled from new or rare or unprecedented events in the worldwide maritime transportations. The problems of new risks are the lacks of optimum countermeasures to mitigate accident risks. Using the questionnaires with 152 event scenarios classified by 20 accident causes, the hazard identification and risk analysis of new risks was performed based on the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) by IMO. A total of 22 Influence Diagrams, which is to depict the transit flows between accident causes to consequences, is used in the construction of 152 event scenarios. A total of 20 accidents causes is the same contents as the causation factors represented in Statistical Year Book for Maritime Accidents of Korean Maritime Safety Tribunals. After defining the evaluation equations to the response results of questionnaires by 46 experts, the work for risk analysis is carried out. As results from the analysis of 152 scenarios, it is known that the root cause to affect on maritime safety in Korea is the pressure of business competition and it led to the lacks of well experienced crews, the overload of vessel operations and crew's fatigue. In addition, as results from the analysis of 20 accident causes, the three accident causes are to be candidate as main issues in Korea such as the inadequate preparedness of departure, the neglecting of watch keeping in bridge and the inadequate management of ship operations. All of the results are thought to be as basic hazard factors to safety impediments. It is thus found that the optimum Risk Control Options to remove the hazard factors and to mitigate consequences required are the following two factors: business competition and crewing problems.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2020

Accidents on construction sites involving fires do not occur as often as accidents involving falls from height or collapses. However, once a fire accident occurs, there is a high risk of a large number of casualties. Fire on construction sites is affected by working conditions and the types of activities the construction workers are engaged in at the sites. This study aims to identify activities and working conditions at construction sites that are vulnerable to fire, and analyse how they correlate with each other and how they affect the causes and consequences of fire accidents at construction sties. I analysed 40 fire accident reports and listed the situations vulnerable to fire at construction sites considering direct causes, activities, and working conditions. The most dangerous combination of fire hazards can be the heating devices used during rest/sleep in the office/cabin/storage during cold weather. The next most hazardous combination can be sparks arising from painting, waterproofing, insulation, plumbing, or welding/melting work in an underground or confined space.