• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 2010

Sodium sulfate is commonly added in reactive dyebath in order to increase substantivity of the reactive dye to cellulose fiber by reducing repulsion between anionic dye and fiber. While sodium sulfate is mostly used in solid form, it is inconvenient to dissolve a large amount of powder sodium sulfate. Furthermore, if there is undissolved salt in dyebath it might cause unlevel dyeing. In this study, sodium sulfate in liquid or solid form was used in dyeing of cellulose fabric with reactive dyes of three primary color and the effect of type or amount of sodium sulfate on dyeing and fastness properties was investigated. When the amount of sodium sulfate rose to 30-50 g/l, K/S value of the dyed fabric markedly increased; further rise in sodium sulfate concentration resulted in slow increase in K/S value. For light color, optimum amount was about 30 g/l in solid form and 50-100 g/l in liquid form while, for medium to deep color, it was 50 g/l and 100-150 g/l in solid and liquid form, respectively. When using each optimum amount of salt in solid or liquid form for medium color, shape of dyeing curve as well as exhaustion was similar to each other. On the whole, similar color fastness results were obtained regardless of type or amount of sodium sulfate.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.120-131
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• 2006

Recently, it has been reported that chemical hair coloring can cause allergic reactions, the toxicity issue of chemical hair color was issued. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the hair coloration technique using non-toxic and bio-compatible hair color gotten from natural resource. In this study, the possibility using fermented Indigo as natural hair coloring agent was investigated. Bleached hair samples were dyed using Indigo, and the effect of dyeing frequency, the physical change after dyeing, color, surface and cross-section characteristics, and tensile property were also studied. In addition, the protection property of cationic detergent finishing on damaged hair samples were also studied. The following conclusions are made; 1. While bleached hair samples with low value showed the negligible effect of repeated dyeing, bleached hair samples with high value showed the good effect of repeated dyeing. 2. Hair sample dyed with Indigo showed a high light-fastness, however, tensile strength and elongation showed very low values (high damage on hair sample). 3. Cationic detergent finishing did not affect on the colorfastness because of decoloration after dyeing, however, it increased the smoothness of hair sample, and therefore, can use as protectant of damaged hair. 4. Hair scale was damaged after dyeing. It seemed that the alkali, potassium carbonate, increased pH of dyeing bath to 11, as a result, the hair was swollen, weaken, and dissolved on the prolonged dyeing time. Dyed hair sample became stiff and fine. 5. The color difference was 4.62 (a high fastness value) in the test of sunlight exposure, shampoo, cationic detergent finishing, and acid perspiration fastness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2007

In this study, Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) were constructed from color images, grayscale images and each bands (Red, Green, Blue) of color image, and the accuracies of each DEMs were evaluated, And then, correlation coefficients between left and right images of each stereopairs were analyzed. The DEM can be constructed conventionally from the digital map and stereopair images using image matching. The image matching requires stereo satellite images or aerial photographs. In case of rotor aerial photographs, these are to be scanned in 3 bands (Red, Green, Blue). For this study, 5 types of images were acquired; color, grayscale, RED band, GREEN band, and BLUE band image. DEMs were constructed from 5 types of stereopair images and evaluated using elevation points of digital maps. In order to analyze the cause of various accuracies of each DEMs, the similarity between left and right images of each stereopairs were analyzed. Consequently, the accuracy of the DEM constructed from RED band images of color aerial photograph were proved best.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.417-430
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• 2018

This study was conducted to determine the effects of NaCl concentration and cooking temperature on the color and pigment characteristics of presalted ground chicken breasts. Four treatments with different salt concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) were prepared and stored for 7 d prior to cooking. Each sample was cooked to four endpoint temperatures ($70^{\circ}C$, $75^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, and $85^{\circ}C$). The salt concentration affected the color and pigment properties of the cooked ground chicken breasts. As the salt concentration increased, the cooking yield and residual nitrite content also increased. However, the samples with 1%, 2%, and 3% NaCl showed similar nitrosyl hemochrome and total pigment contents. Among the products containing salt, the samples with 3% NaCl showed the lowest percentage myoglobin denaturation (PMD) and the lowest CIE $a^*$ values. The cooking temperature had limited effects on the pigment properties of cooked ground chicken breasts. The oxidation-reduction potential and residual nitrite contents increased with cooking temperature, while the PMD, nitrosyl hemochrome, total pigment contents and CIE $a^*$ values were similar in the samples cooked at different temperatures. These results indicated that the addition of up to 2% salt to ground chicken breasts and storage for 7 d could cause the pink color defect of cooked products. However, the addition of 3% NaCl could reduce the redness of the cooked products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1971-1978
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• 2009

This study investigated the adsorption of safflower yellow dye on wool protein fiber and the optimum dyeing conditions to test color reproducibility. In addition, the effects of mordants on dye adsorption, color, fastness, and photofading rate were also studied. The prepared dye in powder form was characterized with UV-vis spectroscopy and FT-IR spectrometric analysis. The color of dyed fabrics was characterized by CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ coordinates, H V/C, and K/S values. The color reproducibility of the dyed wool fabrics was examined. The amount of dye adsorption increased and also, the shade of the dyed wool fabrics became deeper and more saturated with increasing temperature, time, and dye concentration. The maximum color strength was obtained at pH 3.0. The shade of dyed wool fabrics ranged from light yellow to dark mustard yellow as the pH of the dye bath shifted from alkaline to acidic. Color reproducibility was reliable with color differences in the range of 0.53~1.75. Fastness to dry cleaning was relatively good at 4/5 rating irrespective of mordanting. Fe and Cu mordants showed the least color change of the dyed wool fabrics after exposure to light. Mordants did not contribute to improve dye uptake and color fastness, although they made variations in color tone. Safflower yellow dye can be used satisfactorily without mordants and will not cause damage to the environment.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.685-689
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• 2011

The goal of this investigation was to produce a zirconia-family black ceramics that has enhanced functionality and reliability. Color zirconia ceramics have been produced by adding pigments. Pigments cause structural defects within zirconia and result in a drop in physical properties. Using environmentally friendly rice husk, we produced a black zirconia that is free of structural defects. In optimal firing conditions for black zirconia the calcining temperatures of the molding product are changed from $400^{\circ}C$ to $1200^{\circ}C$, and the firing temperatures are changed from $1400^{\circ}C$ to $1600^{\circ}C$. Color of testing the specimens was analyzed using Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses were carried out in order to examine impregnation properties and crystal phases. Universial Test Machine (UTM) was used to measure the flexual strength as well as the compressive strength. From experimental results, it was found that in optimal firing conditions the sample was calcined from $1000^{\circ}C$ to $1500^{\circ}C$. Commission internationalde I'Edairage (CIE) values of manufactured black zirconia color were $L^*$ = 29.73, $a^*$ = 0.23, $b^*$ = -2.68. The bending strength was 918 MPa and the compressive strength was 2676 MPa. These strength values are similar to typical strength values of zirconia, which confirms that carbon impregnation did not influence physical properties.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2010

In the research for driver assistance systems, traffic sign information to the driver must be a very important information. Therefore, the detection system of traffic signs located on the road should be able to handel real-time. To detect the traffic signs, color and shape of traffic signs is to use the information after images obtained using the CCD camera. In the road environment, however, using color information to detect traffic sings will cause many problems due to changes of weather and environmental factors. In this paper, to solve it, the candidate traffic sign regions are detected from road images obtained in a variety of the illumination changes using the HSI eign-color model. And then, using the invariant moment-based SVM classifier to detect traffic signs are proposed. Experimental results show that, traffic sign detection rate is 91%, and the processing time per frame is 0.38sec. Proposed method is useful for real-time intelligent traffic guidance systems can be applied.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.593-602
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the coloring properties of non-mordant dyes by examining local literature on silk fabric dyeing using red-colored natural dyes. Natural dyes can be prepared from the following 8 materials: purple-fleshed sweet potato, Impatiens balsamina, mulberry, fruits of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb, guava leaves, dansam, hibiscus flowers, and pruned branches of Prunus persica. To examine the surface color calculated $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, ${\Delta}E^*$, and K/S value and H V/C. The variables considered in the dyeing experiment were dye concentration, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and number of dyeing iterations, which were varied to evaluate the dyeing properties and color characteristics. As a result, the abovementioned variables, dye affinity, and red color expression were directly proportional to one another. In this study, it was found that red coloring can be obtained with natural dyes; moreover, excellent dyeing was achieved without the need for repeated dyeing or mordanting processes, which cause environmental pollution.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.7
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• pp.1340-1345
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• 2010

FRC(Frame Rate Control) has been applied to the monitor and TV product as part of cost-saving in many flat panel display manufacturers. As FRC can represent the same number of gray scale level with bits of a smaller amount than bits of the input image data, it is widely used. However, FRC causes visual artifacts by using repeatedly pre-designed the FRC unit size of block pattern in display devices. Therefore, this paper analyzes the cause of the visual artifacts. And in order to improve them, it proposed the pattern arrangement of FRC unit blocks through frame rolling method as analytic solution for the first time. So, we could embody causes of FRC noise. Using the proposed structure, more robust pattern to FRC noise will be designed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.1292-1302
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• 2009

In this paper, we proposed Single Tone Detection Algorithm for prevent decoloration and color distortion of single tone image in auto white balance of mobile phone camera. Conventional auto white balance which accomplish very well using complex color images, but there are some problems if input images are single tone image or included large part of single tone. If input images are singlet one, or included large part of single tone, which cause decoloration or distorted color in output images. In this paper, we proposed single tone detection algorithm using color histogram data for solve decoloration or distorted color problems. If this algorithm is applied to auto white balance, it will be improvement in auto white balance.