• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.6 no.12
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• pp.587-594
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• 2016

Autonomous A.I. vehicles are seemingly soon ready for our life. One of the critical problems with autonomous vehicles is how one could assign responsibility for accidents to them. We can envisage that autonomous vehicles may confront an ethical dilemma. Then a question arises of how we are able to assign legal responsibility to autonomous vehicles. In this paper, I first introduce what the ethical dilemma of autonomous vehicles is about. Second, I show how we could be able to assign legal responsibility for autonomous vehicles. Legal probability is the received criteria for causal responsibility most of the legal theorists consider. But it remains vague. I articulate the concept of legal probability in terms of the probabilitstic theory of individual level causality while considering how one can assign causal responsibility for autonomous vehicles. My theory of causal responsibility may help one to assign legal responsibility not just for autonomous vehicles but also for people.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-67
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• 2017

In this paper, I critically examine Sartorio's (2006) argument for disjunctive cause, and put forth disjunctive causal structure in a different way. I show that the disjunctive causal structure meets not just what Sartorio means to claim but also our understanding of causal responsibility. First, I introduce Sartorio's argument for disjunctive cause. Second, I critically discuss Sartorio's responses to the criticisms of her arguments for disjunctive cause, and propose another problem with her arguments. Finally, I explicate in a different way Sartorio's disjunctive cause in terms of disjunctive causal structure founded on moderate variables, causal interaction, and probability trajectory. I notice, regarding the disjunctive causal structure, the role of causal interaction of cause events with moderate variables. I reveal, regarding the disjunctive causal structure, the significance of indetermination of cause events and effect events for our understanding of causal responsibility. I show that the disjunctive causal structure guides us more convincingly to assign causal responsibility to an agent. I come to three conclusions. First, there is no disjunctive cause event Sartorio argues for. Second, propensities of events to be causally connected to an effect event constitute disjunctive relation. Third, we should notice indetermination of cause events and effect events while assigning causal responsibility to an agent.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.365-376
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• 2022

This study aims to look into the causal relationships between corporate social responsibility and firm value, corporate social responsibility and institutional ownership, and firm value and institutional ownership. This study develops a triangle model of causal relationships among the three endogenous variables. Samples for this study are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2018. The model is operated in the system of simultaneous equation models using the generalized method of moments technique to estimate parameter coefficients. After controlling the effects of trade-off/balancing capital structure and managerial ownership, the research findings show a positive causal relationship between CSR and firm value and firm value and institutional ownership. Institutional ownership has a positive effect on CSR, while the effect of CSR on institutional ownership is negative in the firms without managerial ownership and positive in the firms with managerial ownership. This study finds that the causal relationship between CSR and firm value is stronger after the trade-off/balancing of capital structure is included in the model. Capital structure has a convex effect on firm value and positively impacts institutional ownership. In addition, an independent commissioner has a negative impact on CSR but has no direct impact on firm value.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.83-108
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• 2006

Regarding the ocean carrier's responsibility for damage indemnification, both his or her duty of care and reason of legal exemption have been considered important. The International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to Bills of Lading also provides that the ocean carrier indemnifies for the loss or damage of freight on the basis of the principle of liability with fault. In other words, the carrier assumes responsibility only for the loss or damage of freight which is under his or her control and whose safety must be carefully maintained by him or her. The carrier's duty of care which is required for freight safety in accordance with the convention is associated with two themes, seaworthiness of vessel and freight itself. To make ocean freight shipping effective necessities the seaworthiness of the ship that will conduct the shipping service under its responsibility. This will ultimately lead to making the service impressive to the shipper as freight owner. Thus the purpose of this study is to contribute to more reasonable shipping by the shipowner or the carrier who needs to ensure seaworthiness of vessel, and prevent unseaworthiness that may be incurred in accordance with freight characteristics. For the purpose, this paper reviewed the meaning of seaworthiness of vessel through a juridical approach to its causal relationship with ocean freight shipping.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.182-200
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• 2023

A recent nationwide survey reported that South Koreans perceive large corporations as the party that should be the most responsible for tackling climate change. This public opinion result offers insight into the argument that defining who is responsible for the climate change issue can guide campaigners and policymakers in designing effective communication strategies. This study examines how attributing responsibility to large corporations can affect behavioral intention to support government policy and regulation via a moderated mediation model of the perceived risk of climate change and corporate social responsibility (CSR). A nationwide online survey of 295 South Koreans was conducted. The findings reveal an indirect effect of responsibility attribution on behavioral intention through risk perception. Moreover, perceived CSR moderated the causal link between risk perception and behavioral intention, such that South Koreans reported higher levels of behavioral intention when they reported higher CSR. However, perceived CSR failed to moderate the indirect effect. These findings have implications for communication processes and policymaking to address climate change problems in South Korea.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-30
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for consumer complaining behavior. For this purpose, questionaire was given to 600 individuals who have resided in Seoul as the housewife consumer and possessed the experience to use the purchased refrigerators within the period of 5 years. 437 data were analyzed by the statistical methods like frequency, percentage, ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, X2-test, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were described as follows; 1) Complaining behavior have shown significant differences according to housewife's age, degree of perceived housewife's consumer education, husband's job and housewife's job. 2) The type of attribution of dissatisfaction have shown significant differences according to husband's job, housewife's job and family income. 3) There was significant difference in the complaining behavior according to the type of causal attribution and responsibility attribution. 4) The complaining behavior was influenced by causal attribution of dissatisfaction, responsibility attribution of dissatisfaction, family income, degree of perceived housewife's consumer education, husband's job and housewife's age. And the relative contribution of each variable explaining the complaining behavior was decreased according to the order of variables that were described.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.103-128
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• 2015

This study investigated dynamic causal relationship between CSR implementation and consumption of environmentally friendly fashion products through systems thinking. Based on literature review and empirical research, we drew causal loop diagram for CSR implementation in environmentally friendly fashion product industry. By analyzing feedback loops, we found that companies and consumers interact in the process of CSR activities. In the process of CSR implementation, companies and consumers are closely related and affect each other as stimuli and prior condition. This study suggests that companies adopt push strategy to actively create demand by developing and promoting environmentally friendly fashion products and that companies communicate with consumers in order to be recognized and rewarded by consumers for their CSR activities. In addition, this study suggests that consumers not only support companies of CSR activities but also actively boycott anti-environmental companies by collective action.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.71-92
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• 2015

This study analyzes the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities on financial performances using Bayesian Network. The research tries to overcome the issues of the uniform assumption of a linear function between financial performance and CSR activities in multiple regression analysis widely used in previous studies. It is required to infer a causal relationship between activities of CSR which have an impact on the financial performances. Identifying the relationship would empower the firms to improve their financial performance by informing the decision makers about the different CSR activities that influence the financial performance of the firms. This research proposes General Bayesian Network (GBN) and presents Markov Blanket induced from GBN. It is empirically demonstrated that all the proposals presented in this study are statistically significant by the results of the research conducted by Korean Economic Justice Institute (KEJI) under Citizen's Coalition for Economic Justice (CCEJ) which investigated approximately 200 companies in Korea based on Korean Economic Justice Institute Index (KEJI index) from 2005 to 2011. The Bayesian Network to effectively infer the properties affecting financial performances through the probabilistic causal relationship. Moreover, I found that there is a causal relationship among CSR activities variable; that is Environment protection is related to Customer protection, Employee satisfaction, and firm size; Soundness is related to Total CSR Evaluation Score, Debt-Assets Ratio. Though the what-if analysis, I suggest to the sensitive factor among the explanatory variables.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.119-131
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• 2019

Among the themes for CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility), consumer issues include protecting the health and safety of consumers who purchase and use the products. In particular, ensuring product safety is a major theme of consumer issues for corporate social responsibility. Currently, the government implements the Electrical Appliances and Consumer Products Safety Control Act for product safety management and selects products that may harmful to consumers as safety control items, and manages the products by designating them as 4 types of safety certification, safety confirmation, supplier conformity verification, and safety standard compliance. In this paper, we propose management plans for the establishment of a more reasonable classification type of safety management target for 48 items of consumer products to be controlled by the act, and confirm the validity of the plan. First, we perform cluster analysis using data for CISS (Consumer Injury Surveillance System) to derive a new classification type of the safety management target. Next, we compare the results of the cluster analysis with the classification type of the act and the existing scenario classification method RAS (Risk Assessment by Scenario) and the causal network method RAMP (Risk Assessment Method based on Probability). Based on these results, we propose two new plans of safety management target classification and verify its validity.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.793-805
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• 2021

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program has become one of the primary concerns of companies worldwide. For many companies, treating the environment and the community well is important to business practice and reputation, and this is reflected in their CSR programs. CSR is a company's obligation to consider the interests of its employees, customers, shareholders, communities, and the environment and to consider the social and environmental consequences of their business activities. CSR plays an important role in relationship building with customers. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between customer perception of CSR and customer trust. The model of this study considers two mediating variables, i.e., company reputation and word of mouth to link CSR to customer trust. This study employs a causal survey design. The respondents were 160 consumers who have purchased products and knew about CSR programs of a global food company. Data analysis was using structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypotheses. The results of this study revealed that CSR negatively impacts customer trust. Furthermore, CSR positively impacts corporate reputation and word of mouth. Besides, this study found corporate reputation positively impacts word of mouth and customer trust. While the mediating effect of reputation and word of mouth also positively impacts the relationship between CSR and consumer trust. A good reputation and word of mouth could be connecting buyers and enhances the power of suppliers.