• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2012

This paper describes the categorical effects of pitch accent contrasts in a mimicry task. It focuses, specifically, on examining how fundamental frequency (f0) variation reflects phonological contrasts from speakers of two distinct varieties of Korean (i.e., North Kyungsang and South Cholla). The results showed that, in a mimicry task using synthetic speech continua, there was a categorical effect in f0 peak timing for North Kyungsang speakers, but the timing of f0 peaks and valleys in the responses of South Cholla speakers was more variable, presenting a gradient or non-categorical effect. Evidence of categorical effects was represented as the shift of f0 peak times along an acoustic continuum for North Kyungsang speakers. The range for the shift of f0 valley times was much narrower, compared to that of f0 peak times. The degree of a shift near the middle of the continuum showed variability across individual mimicry responses. However, the categorical structure in mimicry responses regarding the clustering of f0 peak points was more significant for North Kyungsang speakers than for South Cholla speakers. Additionally, the finding of the current study implies that the location of f0 peak times depends on individuals' imitative (or cognitive) abilities.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2020

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of music training on the characteristics of auditory perception of speech and music. The perception of speech and music stimuli was assessed across their respective stimulus continuum and the resultant plots were compared between musicians and non-musicians. Subjects and Methods: Thirty musicians with formal music training and twenty-seven non-musicians participated in the study (age: 20 to 30 years). They were assessed for identification of consonant-vowel syllables (/da/ to /ga/), vowels (/u/ to /a/), vocal music note (/ri/ to /ga/), and instrumental music note (/ri/ to /ga/) across their respective stimulus continuum. The continua contained 15 tokens with equal step size between any adjacent tokens. The resultant identification scores were plotted against each token and were analyzed for presence of categorical boundary. If the categorical boundary was found, the plots were analyzed by six parameters of categorical perception; for the point of 50% crossover, lower edge of categorical boundary, upper edge of categorical boundary, phoneme boundary width, slope, and intercepts. Results: Overall, the results showed that both speech and music are perceived differently in musicians and non-musicians. In musicians, both speech and music are categorically perceived, while in non-musicians, only speech is perceived categorically. Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that music is perceived categorically by musicians, even if the stimulus is devoid of vocal tract features. The findings support that the categorical perception is strongly influenced by training and results are discussed in light of notions of motor theory of speech perception.

• 대한청각학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2020

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of music training on the characteristics of auditory perception of speech and music. The perception of speech and music stimuli was assessed across their respective stimulus continuum and the resultant plots were compared between musicians and non-musicians. Subjects and Methods: Thirty musicians with formal music training and twenty-seven non-musicians participated in the study (age: 20 to 30 years). They were assessed for identification of consonant-vowel syllables (/da/ to /ga/), vowels (/u/ to /a/), vocal music note (/ri/ to /ga/), and instrumental music note (/ri/ to /ga/) across their respective stimulus continuum. The continua contained 15 tokens with equal step size between any adjacent tokens. The resultant identification scores were plotted against each token and were analyzed for presence of categorical boundary. If the categorical boundary was found, the plots were analyzed by six parameters of categorical perception; for the point of 50% crossover, lower edge of categorical boundary, upper edge of categorical boundary, phoneme boundary width, slope, and intercepts. Results: Overall, the results showed that both speech and music are perceived differently in musicians and non-musicians. In musicians, both speech and music are categorically perceived, while in non-musicians, only speech is perceived categorically. Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that music is perceived categorically by musicians, even if the stimulus is devoid of vocal tract features. The findings support that the categorical perception is strongly influenced by training and results are discussed in light of notions of motor theory of speech perception.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2011

This paper examines the categorical labeling of lexical pitch accent contrasts in North Kyungsang and South Cholla Korean listeners. It focuses specifically on investigating whether the pitch accent perception of adults and children has a dialect-specific effect. To evaluate the development of perceptual identification, slopes, intercepts, and positions at categorical boundaries were computed using a logistic regression function. The results showed that differences in slopes and intercepts were significant between North Kyungsang child and adult listeners, but the same was not the case for the positions at boundaries. As far as South Cholla child and adult listeners were concerned, there was a significant difference in slopes, but not intercepts and positions at boundaries. In the present study, the comparison of intercepts and slopes at the boundaries indicated developmental differences between North Kyungsang adult and child listeners. This improvement in categorical proportion seems to be a result of developmental changes in categorical perception. For South Cholla adult and child listeners, however, perception of the non-native contrast becomes less categorical.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.711-720
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• 2000

A case study of modeling ordinal categorical response data with the MARS method is done. The study is to analyze the effect of some personal characteristics and socioeconomic status on the teenage marijuana use. The MARS method gave a new insight into the data set.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2018

본 연구는 소비자의 브랜드편익(상징적 vs. 기능적)이 브랜드확장에 미치는 영향을 살펴보는 것으로, 특히 상표신념의 매개효과와 범주적 유사성의 조절효과를 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 초점집단면접과 프리테스트를 통해 2개의 제품범주(시계와 가방)에서 각각 2개의 모브랜드(롤렉스 vs. 카시오, 프라다 vs. 코치)와 2개의 확장제품(팔찌, 구두)을 자극물로 선정하고, 구글(www.google.com)의 설문조사 사이트를 통해 전국의 성인남녀를 대상으로 196개의 표본자료를 수집하여 부적절한 응답지를 제외한 193개의 응답지로 최종 회귀분석을 하였다. 연구결과 소비자가 추구하는 브랜드편익에 따라 브랜드확장에 대한 태도가 달라질 수 있다는 선행연구의 결과를 재확인하였으며, 이는 상표신념에 의해 완전 매개된다는 점도 확인하였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 소비자의 브랜드편익이 브랜드 확장태도에 미치는 영향이 범주적 유사성에 의해 조절될 수 있음도 확인하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 상표신념의 구축이 브랜드확장 전략의 하나로 충분히 사용될 수 있다는 이론적 시사점과 범주적 유사성을 고려한 브랜드커뮤니케이션 전략이 브랜드 편익에 따라 달라져야 한다는 실무적 시사점을 제공한다. 또 본 연구를 활용하여, 브랜드 적합성 또는 충성도 등 다양한 조절요인과 매개요인과의 관계설정도 가능하리라 본다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.89-101
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• 2023

Purpose - This paper discusses an impact of status on organization's temporary employment. Status not only offers various opportunities for organization but also places constrains on organization. In this perspective, we propose that organization's temporary employment will differ depending on the status. Design/methodology/approach - We predict that organization's evaluated status has a U-shaped relationship with temporary employment because organizational social insecurity varies by the status. Moreover, we predict that organization's categorical status has a positive effect on temporary employment since organizational legitimacy varies with the status and that the effect will be enhanced by an organizational niche. To verify these predictions, we examined a regression analysis using panel data of temporary employment in Korean universities. Findings - The results of regression analysis show that there is a U-shaped relationship between universities' evaluated status and temporary employment. This implies that the middle status university is likely to minimize temporary employment because of conformity pressures. In addition, the results show that university's categorical status has a positive effect on temporary employment and the effect is enhanced by university's market concentration. This suggests that the categorical status has a strong impact on specialist university. Research implications or Originality - This paper contributes the development of temporary employment theory by applying duality of organizational status and identifies the organizational determinants of temporary employment in Korean universities.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2018

일반적으로 자료의 효과 연속형인 경우 분산분석과 이산형인 경우 분할표 카이제곱 검정을 통계적 분석방법으로 사용한다. 다차원의 자료에서는 계층적 구조의 분석이 요구되어지며 자료간의 인과관계를 나타내기 위해 통계적 선형모형을 채택하여 분석한다. 선형모형의 구조에서는 자료의 정규성이 요구되어지며 일부 자료에서는 비 선형모형을 채택할 수도 있다. 특히, 설문조사 자료 구조는 문항의 특성상 이산형 자료의 형태가 많아 모형의 조건에 만족하지 않는 경우가 종종 발생한다. 자료구조의 차원이 높아질수록 인과관계, 교호작용, 연관성분석 등에 다차원 범주형 자료 분석 방법을 사용한다. 본 논문에서는 확률분포의 계산을 이용한 베이지안 네트워크 모형이 범주형 자료 분석에서 분석절차를 줄이고 교호작용 및 인과관계를 분석할 수 있다는 것을 제시하였다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.375-382
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• 1999

Linear-by-linear association models are commonly used to analyze ordered categorical data. To fit these models appropriate scores need to be chosen. In this paper we perform sensitivity analyses in two-way contingency tables to investigate the effect of scores on goodness-of-fits and on tests of significance. In addition we show that the best score which yields the best fit of data can be selected based on the sensitivity analysis results.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.198-216
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• 1994

The problem of promoting instructional effect using reorganizing the content of textbook is one of the major concerns of many education theorists and teachers. The results of many researches about above problem reveal that reorganizing the content of textbook promotes the ability of recall and problem solving of learners. The content structure of current navigation textbook revealed a categorical structure as its basic framework, though it seems to be a poor one. A categorical structure is known as providing an inferior information processing mechanism for learners than a learning hierarchy content structure is. Furthermore current content structure hasn't given any considerations to navigation in practice, spatial contexts and sequential events of ships from a harbor to another harbor. The learning hierarchy content structure has an advantage of giving learners more systematic and stronger knowledge networks than a categorical structure.