• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.111-134
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• 2005

This paper examines high school English textbooks to ascertain if they appropriately reflect the kinds and frequencies of routine formulas and downgraders of request act used by English native speakers. It is important to present authentic routine formulas in textbooks for students to acquire proper, efficient and safe communication strategies to communicate with other English speakers. For the analysis, currently available 7 series of 21 high school English textbooks under the $7^{th}$ National Curriculum were selected. Each series of textbooks contains 3 school grade textbooks as High School English, High School English I, and High School English II. The results show that the high school English textbooks generally demonstrate a secund reflection of the English native speakers' use of request strategies and downgraders. That is, the textbooks were found to have presented mostly casual forms of routine formulas while they have not presented sufficient coverage of elaborated polite routine formulas for requesting which English native speakers frequently use. The presence of some kinds of the frequently used downgraders was also very small in proportion in the textbooks. More effort should be given to complement the deficiency in this area by teachers and researchers.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1165-1178
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• 2008

The objectives of this study are developing the new types of elderly abuse and finding the variables affecting the new elderly abuse type. And This is at suggesting the intervention strategies preventing the elderly abuse. The 350 cases of elderly abuse reported in Elder Protection Agency was analysed. Data is analyzed by using statistical techniques including cluster analysis and logit-regression. New type of elderly abuse is "violent elderly abuse" and "avoiding elderly abuse". Violent elderly abuse is very connected with directly violence speech and behavior and avoiding elderly abuse is connected with neglect and abandonment, self-neglect. The elderly's instrumental activity of daily living and education, the offender's sex and education and living together type of the elderly - the offender, and the offender's care burden are the casual factors of the new type of elderly abuse. Based on the results, the various service programmes for the abused elderly is developed and implemented.