• Asia Pacific Journal of Corpus Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.41-56
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• 2020

This paper aims to investigate how word order interacts with cliticization in Sakizaya, a Formosan language. This paper looks into nominative and genitive case markers from a corpus-based approach. The data are collected from an online dictionary of Sakizaya, and they are classified into two word orders: nominative case marker preceding genitive case marker and vice versa. The data are also divided into three categories, according to the demarcation of the case markers, which include right, left, or no demarcation. The corpus includes 700 sentences in the construction of predicate + noun phrase + noun phrase. The results suggest that the two case markers tend to be parsed into the preceding word and show right demarcation. The results also reveal that there are type difference and distance effect of the case markers on the cliticization. Nominative case markers show more right demarcation than genitive case markers do in the corpus. Also, the closer the case markers are to the predicate, the more possible the case markers undergo cliticization.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.59-72
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• 2006

In the present study, we investigated the grammaticality judgement skills of children with developmental language impairments. The participants included 20 children with language impairments of ages ranging from 7 to 9 years and of IQ's ranging from 71 to 84, and 40 normally developing children. Twenty normal children were matched with the language impaired children in their language ages and the other 20 normal children were matched with the language impaired children in their chronological ages. The children were asked to judge the grammatical correctness of 48 short sentences, half of which were ungrammatical sentences containing incorrect case-markers and the other half were grammatically correct sentences. Four types of case-markers including nominative "i/ga", accusative "ul/lul", locative "e," and instrumental "ro" were systematically changed to generate the ungrammatical sentences. The language impaired children performed worse than both groups of normally developing children in detecting the ungrammatical sentences and in correcting the case-markers of those sentences. In detecting the errors of ungrammatical sentences, the language impaired children exhibited variable performances across the different case-markers.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.355-377
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• 2017

Compared with other Altaic languages, Japanese and Korean languages are much closer to each other in grammar, and also to Ryukyuan language. According to the literature, Korean people are the first foreigners to record Ryukyuan language in a written form. In the passage "pronunciation interpreting the Ryukyuan Kingdom" from A Journey to the Eastern Countries (1512), Korean people perfectly preserved the pronunciation and meanings of words and sentences in Ryukyuan language in both Korean and Chinese languages, which is an extremely valuable material. Unfortunately, the later time period witnessed stagnation after a prominent beginning. In order to clarify the language family to which Korean belongs to, it is necessary to thoroughly compare Korean language with Japanese and Ryukyuan languages. Different from lexis, grammar underwent a slow and gradual process of variation. A comparative study of the three languages can provide strong evidence for defining the language family of Korean. Based on this rationale, this paper starts from the comparison of grammar elements of these three languages, aiming at case markers including the nominative case markers and the accusative case markers, and observes the procedures and functions diachronically. Based on the examples from the medieval data, it is found that the nominative case markers and the accusative case markers of these three languages vary from each other in forms and origins. Although they show some similarities in functions, it can be conjectured that there is no cognate for the three languages in the history.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.310-319
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• 2006

This study intended to compare and analyze marking efficiencies of tailored jacket based on different cloth and production conditions, 'the width of cloth', 'the number of marking pieces' and 'the direction for marking deployment'. The results were as follows. For the two pieces of markers, the efficiency of the cloth width of 110cm was higher than that of 150cm. As the number of markers increased, the efficiency of cloth width of 150cm was higher than that of 110cm. In the case of one-directional deployment, the results obtained was that the efficiency of two markers was higher than that of three markers, while, in the case of bi-directional deployment, the efficiency of three markers was higher than that of two markers. In the case of one-directional deployment for each size, the marking efficiencies were higher in two markers at the cloth width of 110 cm and higher in three markers at the cloth width of 150 cm. Then, in marking efficiencies according to the direction for marking deployment, bi-direction marker was the most efficient marker, followed by one-direction for each size marker and one-direction marker.

• Language and Information
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.93-111
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• 2010

This article is a description of the case variation in Guarani Language, which is a relatively, rarely studied language, and more so about case phenomena. Guarani has two remarkable facts about case. First, it has two overt accusative case markers, which are differentiated by the semantic notion of boundedness as in Jackendoff(1990, 1991). The existence of accusative case markers in Guarani is attested by their behavior in the typical transitive verb sentences, the ability to occur in ECM constructions, and the interpretation of specificity which is parallel to Turkish accusative case marker realization reported in Enc(1991). Second, accusative case forms occur in adjunct positions as well as object positions in Guarani. To capture these peculiar case phenomena, an account based on some recent Minimalist ideas about case checking from Legate(2008), Bowers(2010) is shown to be available.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.36
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• pp.271-291
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• 2014

In this paper, we maintain that case makers '에e' and '에게ege', and '에서eseo' and '에게서egeseo' are not two separate morphemes but are simply allomorphs of the same morphemes respectively. When '에e' and '에게ege' are used as a dative marker, they show exactly the same semantic function and are in complementary distribution in relation to the semantic features of their preceding noun; that is, if the preceding noun is an animate noun, '에게ege' is used and '에e' is used if not. Also, '에게서egeseo' and '에서eseo' as ablative and locative case makers show exactly the same semantic function and show complementary distribution depending on whether the preceding noun is animate or non-animate. Therefore, we assume that these markers are semantically conditioned allomorphs.

• Language and Information
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

This study investigates morphologically complex nouns in Korean through a series of priming studies. Two experiments examined whether morphological affixes on Korean nouns were decomposed or processed as a whole. Two types of morphological affixes were examined: morpho-syntactic case markers and the plural marker '-tul'. Results showed that priming occurred for the plural marker with SOAs of 80 ms and 160 ms, but no priming occurred for the morpho-syntactic case markers. These results suggest that the morphological processing for these two types of affixes differ. We argue that Korean nouns with the plural suffix are decomposed into the stem and affix, supporting the Decomposition Model (Pinker & Ullman, 2002). We suggest that while plural markers are truly morphological affixes, case markers in Korean are morpho-syntactic, and thus presuppose the existence of other syntactic elements, such as the matrix verb, hence the lack of priming effects.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 1997

The relationship of nine Medicago species belonging to four subgenera were analyzed by using SDS-PAGE and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RELP) methodologies. Sixty-eight bands of alcohol and salt soluble proteins and 85-133 RFLP markers were used to estimate the genetic distance among the species. These species were clustered together at around 0.1 to 0.4 level of distance for both kind of markers, indicating that Medicago species have a large genetic similarity. A combined cluster diagram, at a dissimilarity level of 0.3, differentiated nine species in four groups: group 1, M. littoralis , M. truncatulam, M.scutellata and M. rigidula; group 2, M. sativa ; group 3, M. lupulina ; group 4, M. orbicularis, M. radiata and M. minima. All of them, but except for M. minima. corrensponded to the existing four subgenera of the genus Medicago classified by Lesins and Lesins(1979).The most similar species were M. littoralis and M. trucatula and the most dissimilar one was M. lupulina. In separate cluster diagrams based on RFLP and protein markers, some differences were observed. In the case of RFLP or DNA markers, M. sativa (alfalfa) was distantly clustered with other Medicago species. But in the case of protein markers, M. sativa was closely clustered with M. scutellata, M. littorulis and M. truncatula.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2017

In this study, the surface marker method, one of the particle tracking methods, used to track the free surface is extended to cover the more general cases easily including the collision and separation of the free surface. In surface particle method to redistribute particles effectively using the grid system, the free surface is composed of the sum of quadrilaterals having four curves where fixed markers are placed at ends of each curve. Fixed markers are used to know how curves are connected to each other. The position of fixed markers can move as the free surface deforms but all fixed markers cannot be deleted during all time of simulation to keep informations of curve connection. In the case of the collision or separtion of the free surface where several curves can be intersected disorderly, severe difficulties can occur to define newly states of curve connection. In this study, the adaptable surface parTicle method without fixed markers is introduced. Intersection markers instead of the fixed markers are used to define quadrilaterals. The position of the intersection markers is defined to be the intersection point between the free surface and the edge of the grid and it can be added or deleted during the time of simulation to allow more flexibilities. To verify numerical schemes, two flow cases are simulated and the numerical results are compared with other's one and shown to be valid.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.35-51
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• 2000

The goal of this paper is to examine how Case Drop (the drop of the case markers) correlates with the prosodic structure in Korean. On the assumption that intervocalic Lenis Stop Voicing (LSV) applies within the domain of the Accentual Phrase (AP), voicing analyses are performed on intervocalic lenis stop consonants before and after Case Drop. A statistical analysis reveals that the drop of the nominative and accusative case markers significantly alter the AP structure. Pitch values will then be extracted to verify that such changes in the AP structure conform to the pitch properties proposed for the AP (Jun 1993, 1998). The results show that the AP structure suggested by LSV does not always coincide with that imposed by the pitch properties.