• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.134-142
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• 1997

Pectin and tannin analysis were carried out to inverstigate any available components from Pinus densiflora, P. koraiensis, P. thunbergii and P. rigida. To analyze terpenoid components, the essential oils were extracted with steam distillation method from four kinds of pine needles. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS spectroscopy. The results were summarized as follows: Pectin content was highest in P. koraiensis with 0.40%, and tannin content was highest in P. koraiensis with 1.05. Major components of P. densiflora needles were ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, ${\Delta}^3$-carene and phytol. ${\alpha}$-Pinene, ${\Delta}^3$-carene, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and camphene were found major components in P. koraiensis. Major components of P. thunbergii needles were ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene and germacrene D. ${\beta}$-Pinene, ${\alpha}$-piene, humulene oxide and ${\alpha}$-elemene were major components in P. rigida. Sabinene and citronellol were infrequent components in P. koraiensis, and ${\alpha}$-pinene oxide was present only in P. rigida. ${\alpha}$-Pinene, limonene, and bornylacetate well known as the main components of green air bath were found in P. densiflora and P. koraiensis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.403-408
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the volatile flavor compounds of Pinus densiflora Sieb & Zucc according to extraction solvents and steam distillation method. The research results are as follows: 29 kinds of components were extracted by extraction solvents. Hydrocarbon was the major flavor components of the Pinus densiflora Sieb & Zucc. When the flavor components were extracted by solvents and analyzed by GC-Mass, in the hexane, ${\alpha}$-pinene was the highest and the contents ${\beta}$-thujene, trans-caryophyllene, ${\beta}$-mercene, ${\beta}$-cubebene were higher; in the ethyl acetate, the ${\alpha}$-cubebene content was the highest and the contents ${\alpha}$-cubebene, 3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxanonadecan-1-ol, camphene were higher; in the ethanol, the ${\beta}$-D4-tetrahydropyran was the highest and the contents ${\gamma}$-cadinene, 3-ethyl-1,4-hexadiene, ${\alpha}$-cubebene were higher. When the volatile constituents were extracted by steam distillation method, 44 kinds of components were extracted. Hydrocarbon was the major flavor components of the Pinus densiflora Sieb & Zucc. The ${\beta}$-cubebene content was the highest and the contents trans-caryophyllene, 2-hexenal, T-muurolol, ${\delta}$-cadinene were higher. This fact indicated that volatile constituents differ depending upon the extracting solvents and method.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.393-398
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• 2020

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an emerging pest on cultivated blueberries in Korea. To develop a sensitive tool for monitoring this pest in blueberry orchards, we compared the attractiveness of host plant volatiles and sex pheromone to D. oxycoccana adults. We performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-collected volatiles that were released from blueberry ('Darrow' cultivar). The analysis revealed two major volatiles, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol from flowers; and three major volatiles, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and α-farnesene from shoots and young fruits. In field tests conducted in Gunsan, Korea in 2019, commercialized cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, β-caryophyllene, and α-farnesene, used singly or in quaternary combination, were unattractive to the blueberry gall midge. However, traps baited with the known sex pheromone (2R,14R)-2,14-diacetoxyheptadecane attracted significantly more males than the treatments with plant volatiles or the control. No synergistic effect was observed between sex pheromone and plant volatiles. Male D. oxycoccana were captured in the pheromone traps from May to August, with three peaks in mid-May, late June, and late July in Gunsan blueberry fields in 2020.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 2012

The essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the herbs of Jeju Agastache rugosa has shown significant DPPH radical scavenging activity. For the elucidation of its volatile components, the essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. Each component was identified by GC or mass spectral analysis. The compounds identified were as follows: pulegone, L-menthone, DL-limonene, isopulegone, beta-caryophyllene, beta-myrcene, and estragole. Several abundant components with phenylpropanoid-type structures may have contributed to the activity. The results suggest that the essential oil may be suitable for development as a food preservative and alternative antioxidant.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.212-218
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• 2019

Background: Allelopathy has been suggested as one potential mechanism facilitating the successful colonisation and expansion of invasive plants. The impacts of the ongoing elevation in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) on the production of allelochemicals by invasive species are of great importance because they play a potential role in promoting biological invasion at the global scale. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior), one of the most notorious invasive exotic plant species, was used to assess changes in foliar mono- and sesquiterpene production in response to CO₂ elevation (389.12 ± 2.55 vs. 802.08 ± 2.69 ppm). Results: The plant growth of common ragweed significantly increased in elevated CO₂. The major monoterpenes in the essential oil extracted from common ragweed leaves were β-myrcene, DL-limonene and 1,3,6-octatriene, and the major sesquiterpenes were β-caryophyllene and germacrene-D. The concentrations of 1,3,6-octatriene (258%) and β-caryophyllene (421%) significantly increased with CO₂ elevation. Conclusions: These findings improve our understanding of how allelochemicals in common ragweed respond to CO₂ elevation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.930-940
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• 2012

A comparison of essential oils composition of Aster tataricus L. (gaemichwi), Ligularia fischeri (gomchwi), Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai (miyeokchwi), and Aster scaber (chamchwi) was performed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the identification of volatile flavor characteristics in chwi-namuls. The essential oils were extracted by the hydro distillation extraction method. One hundred volatile flavor components were identified from gaemichwi essential oil. ${\alpha}$-Pinene (11.5%) was the most abundant compound, followed by myrcene (8.9%) and ${\beta}$-pinene (7.5%). Ninety-one volatile flavor components were identified from the essential oil of gomchwi. Aromadendrene (14.8%) was the most abundant component, followed by ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (7.6%) and 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-cyclohexene (7.3%). Ninety-five volatile flavor constituents were detected in the essential oil of miyeokchwi, moreover, spathulenol (15.7%) was the most abundant component. Ninety-six volatile flavor constituents were detected in the essential oil of chamchwi. Epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (21.9%) was the most abundant component, followed by ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (9.5%) and ${\delta}$-terpinene (8.9%). The essential oil composition of gaemichwi was characterized by a higher contents of pinenes. The essential oil composition of gomchwi can be easily distinguished by the percentage of aromadendrene. Spathulenol and epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene were regarded as the characteristic odorants of miyeokchwi and chamchwi, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2000

The results from the determination of contents of components in Schizandra nigra are as follows. The contents of malic acid and citric acid in Schizandra nigra was 38,691 and 3,330 ppm/dry weight 100g. The contents of total phenolic compounds in Schizandra nigra was 1.560%. The predominating phenolic acid was cinnamic acid, gentisic acid, coumalic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. Contents of crude lipids in Schizandra nigra was 160.5mg/g. Most of fatty acid in lipids was oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid as a unsaturated fatty acid, and palmitic acid as a saturated fatty acid. In case of essential oils, The predominating components in Schizandra nigra was caryophyllene, calarene, cubebene, acoradiene and $\beta$-himachalene.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.59-67
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• 1994

The essential oils of leaves and resins from P. densiflora and P. koraiensis were analyzed to identify their components. After each retention times of 45 known terpenoids were dertermined with a fixed analytical condition by GC the essential oil compounds of leaves and resins were identified by comparing their retention times with the retention times of known standards. To confirm these results the essential oil components of leaves from P. koraiensis were analized by 2 different GC/MS. According to these results, 36 terpenoids in essential oils of leaves from P. densiflora and P. koraiensis were identified and 15 terpenoids and 22 terpenoids were identified from P. koraiensis resin and P. densiflora resin, respectively. The major components which are more than 2% of total amaunt of volatile components were as follows: 1. The major terpenoids of leaves from red pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, ${\beta}$-pinene, D-limonene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, myrcene, terpinolene, ${\alpha}$-terpineol. 2. The major terpenoids of leaves from korean pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, myrcene, D-limonene, 3-carene, terpinolene, bornyl acetate, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, ${\alpha}$-terpineol, borneol, ${\delta}$-cardinene. 3. The major terpenoids of resin from red pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, linalool, linalyl acetate. 4. The major terpenoids of resin from korean pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, D-limonene, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, phytol.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.257-265
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• 2020

This study investigated the volatile flavor composition of essential oils from Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai with different harvesting area. The essential oils obtained by the hydrodistillation extraction method from the aerial parts of the plants were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ninety-five (91.61%) volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oils from the S. virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai harvested in Koheung, Jeolanamdo. The major compounds were hexadecanoic acid (29.22%), 7-hexyl eicosane (9.12%), spathulenol (7.701%), 3,8-dimethyl decane (6.48%), caryophyllene oxide (4.52%) and α-copaene (4.23%). Fifty-seven (97.43%) volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oils from the S. virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai harvested in Seoguipo, Jejudo. The major compounds were 2-carene (40.95%), α-copaene (10.77%), α-muurolene (5.81%), and spathulenol (3.11%). The chemical composition of the essential oils was significantly different in quality and quantity with the different harvesting area. The quantitative variations of hexadecanoic acid, 7-hexyl eicosane, spathulenol, 3,8-dimethyl decane, caryophyllene oxide, 2-carene, and α-copaene according to different harvesting area can serve as a quality index of the S. virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai essential oils in food industries.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.840-847
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• 2010

In this study, we identified the volatile compounds of Artemisia princeps Pampan. cv. ssajuari (ssajuarissuk) essential oils and analyzed changes in the contents of volatile compounds under four different storage conditions, such as exposure to air at $20^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$. Sixty-five volatile compounds consisting of 6 monoterpene hydrocarbons, 23 oxygenated monoterpenes, 16 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 6 oxygenated sesquiterpenes, 1 diterpene, 6 benzene derivatives, and 7 non-isoprenoid compounds were identified on the basis of their mass spectra characteristics and retention indices from original ssajuarissuk essential oils. Identified compounds constituted 90.56% of the total peak area. Borneol (10.29%) was the most abundant compound in the original ssajuarissuk essential oils, followed by 1,8-cineole (9.06%), viridiflorol (8.99%), spathulenol (8.73%), $\alpha$-thujone (5.28%), and camphor (4.39%). After six months storage at $40^{\circ}C$ with the cap opened for 3 min everyday, the total amount of volatile compounds in essential oil as determined by the percentage peak area decreased by 84.93%. The total levels of cis-sabinene hydrate, camphor, 4-terpineol, humulene oxide, $\beta$-caryophyllene oxide, and caryophyllene alcohol increased significantly. For ssajuarissuk essential oils stored under experimental conditions, changes in the contents of volatile compounds in essential oils were accelerated by temperature and contact with the atmosphere.