• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.113-121
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• 2017

Now a day's rise of new antibiotic resistant bacterial strains is a global threat. Ethnic people of India have been employing Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker wood extract in healing cancerous wounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and to identify the medicinally potent chemicals in the essential oil extract of A. polystachya. The antibacterial properties of various organic extracts were evaluated against a range of bacteria (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) based on the disc diffusion method and GC-MS based analysis for finding active oil extract components. All extracts of A. polystachya leaves showed potential antibacterial activity, notably ethyl acetate, while petroleum ether extracts revealed highly sensitive activity against all tested bacteria (zones of inhibition ranging from 8.83 to 11.23 mm). In addition, the petroleum ether extract had the lowest MIC value (32 to $256{\mu}g/mL$) against E. coli, S. lutea, X. campestris, and B. subtilis bacteria. The major compounds detected in oil [${\beta}$-elemene (16.04 %), ${\beta}$-eudesmol (12.78 %), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (19.37 %), ${\beta}$-selinene (11.32 %), elemol (5.76 %), and ${\alpha}$-humulene (5.68 %)] are expected to be responsible for the potent antimicrobial activity. The results of this study offer valuable insights into the potent role of A. polystachya essential oil extract in pharmaceutical and antibiotic research.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.774-779
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• 1988

The essential oil of Artemiisa lavandulaefolia DC was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The oil was stored at different conditions for 6 weeks and the changes of color and chemical composition during storage were checked by GC/MS. The experimental results were as follows; (1) More than 186 chemicals were detected by GC. Major components were 1,8-cineol, thujone, camphor, borneol, coumarin, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and ${\beta}-biasbolene$. In this study, 3,3,6-trimethyl norpinanol, ${\beta}-farnesene,\;{\alpha}-curmene$ and 7-methoxy coumarin were detected as new compounds in Artemisia species. (2) It was proved that temperature and/ or light had and important effect on the changes of color and volatile components of the essential oil. The relative amounts of limonene and 1.8-cineol were decreasad, on the other hand, ${\beta}-phellandrene\;and\;{\alpha}-terpineol$ were increased during storage.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.610-616
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• 2002

The growth-inhibiting effects of Pinus densiflpora leaf-derived materials on nine human intestinal bacteria were investigated using the impregnated paper disk method, and their activities were compared with those of 13 commercially available terpenes. The biologically active constituent of the extract of P densiflora leaf was characterized as the monoterpene (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene by various spectroscopic analyses. Responses varied according to bacterial strain, chemicals, and dose. At 10 mg/disk, limonene and (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene strongly inhibited the growth of Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, without adverse effects on the growth of five lactic acid-bacteria (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. bifidum, B. longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and L. casei). Little or no inhibition against seven bacteria was observed with anethole, borneol, camphor, caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, estragole, linalool, and $\alpha$-terpineol. Structure-activity relationship revealed that (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene had more growth-inhibiting activity against C. perfringens than (1R)-(+)-$\beta$-, (1S-(-)-$\alpha$-, and (1S-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes. Furthermore, the growth-inhibition against L. casei was much more pronounced in (1R)-(+)-$\beta$- and (In-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes than (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$- and (1S)-(-)-$\alpha$-pinenes. These results indicate that the (+)-$\alpha$ form seems to be required against C. perfringens and $\beta$ form against L. casei for growth-inhibiting activity. Morphologically, most strains of C. perfringens were damaged and disappeared at 5 and 2 mg/disk of (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene. Morphological study revealed that (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene had more growth-inhibiting activity against C. perfringens than (1R)-(+)-$\beta$-, (1S)-(-)-$\alpha$-, and (1S)-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes. As naturally occurring growth-inhibiting agents, the Pinus leaf-derived materials described above could be useful preventive agents against diseases caused by harmful intestinal bacteria such as clostridia.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 1998

Antimutagenic activity of Saururus chinesis (Lour.) Bail was investigated for food-borne mutagens using S. typhimurium TA98. Methanol extract from Saururus Chinesis (Lour.) Bail was fractionated into hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and butanol fractions, followed by determination of antimutagenic activity for food-borne mutagenic heterogenic amines (HCA). The hexane fraction exhibited a strong antimutagenic activity for 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyroid[4,3-b]indole acetate (Trp-2-A); however its fraction rather enhanced the bacterial mutagenicity of 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinozaline (4,8-diMeIQx) and 2-amino-3,7,8-trimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxline (7,8-diMeIQx). Active principle in the fraction was found to be two major compounds (${\gamma}$-crene B and epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrane) and 6 minor compounds (${\delta}$-caryophyllene, ${\gamma}$-elemene, ${\beta}$-cabebene, ${\delta}$-cadinene, ${\delta}$-selinene, and patchoulene). Modulation effect for the mutagenic activity of the food-borne mutagenic HCA by the fraction might be derived from a cumulative effect of each individual compounds. Hence, this hexane fraction might be use to reduce the production of mutagenic HCA during cooking process of protein-rich foods.

• Mycobiology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.162-170
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• 2016

In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of Arabidopsis thaliana to detect different mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the common indoor fungus, Aspergillus versicolor, and demonstrate the potential usage of the plant as a bioindicator to monitor fungal VOCs in indoor air. We evaluated the volatile production of Aspergillus versicolor strains SRRC 108 (NRRL 3449) and SRRC 2559 (ATCC 32662) grown on nutrient rich fungal medium, and grown under conditions to mimic the substrate encountered in the built environment where fungi would typically grow indoors (moist wallboard and ceiling tiles). Using headspace solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we analyzed VOC profiles of the two strains. The most abundant compound produced by both strains on all three media was 1-octen-3-ol. Strain SRRC 2559 made several terpenes not detected from strain SRRC 108. Using a split-plate bioassay, we grew Arabidopsis thaliana in a shared atmosphere with VOCs from the two strains of Aspergillus versicolor grown on yeast extract sucrose medium. The VOCs emitted by SRRC 2559 had an adverse impact on seed germination and plant growth. Chemical standards of individual VOCs from the Aspergillus versicolor mixture (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-octen-3-ol, limonene, and ${\beta}-farnesene$), and ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ were tested one by one in seed germination and vegetative plant growth assays. The most inhibitory compound to both seed germination and plant growth was 1-octen-3-ol. Our data suggest that Arabidopsis is a useful model for monitoring indoor air quality as it is sensitive to naturally emitted fungal volatile mixtures as well as to chemical standards of individual compounds, and it exhibits relatively quick concentration- and duration-dependent responses.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.682-688
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• 2017

Fresh japanese anise (Illicium anisatum L.) tree leaves were collected and ground after drying. The essential oils of the leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using headspace (HS) and solid phase-microextra (SPME) methods. Volatile components of the leaves were identified 21 and 65 components in HS and SPME, respectively. The main components of the essential oils obtained by HS method were eucalyptol (36.7%), (+)-sabinene (15.61%), ${\delta}$-3-carene (6.87%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (6.07%), ${\gamma}$-terpinen (5.72%), ${\alpha}$-limonene (5.26%), ${\beta}$-myrcene (4.13%), ${\alpha}$-terpinene (4.04%) and ${\beta}$-pinene (3.73%). The other components were less than 3.5%. SPME method also showed that eucalyptol (17.88%) was main. The other were 5-allyl-1-methoxy-2 (13.29%), caryophyllene (6.09%), (+)-sabinene (5.60%), ${\alpha}$-ocimene (4.89%) and ${\beta}$-myrcene (3.73%), and the rest were less amounts than 3.5%. This work indicated that many more volatile components were isolated, comparing to the previous literature data and that SPME method was much more effective than HS method in the analysis of the volatile components.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2010

This study was designed to evaluate changes in the terpene composition of 3 types of pines (Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida), while decomposing their leaf litter. Needle litters were placed at two different organic layer depths, one on the surface and the other beneath the litter layer. Changes in the terpene composition of this litter were detected using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Among the monoterpenes acquired from the fresh needles of P. densiflora and P. rigida, $\alpha$-pinene (12.05% and 19.87%, respectively) was the major one, followed by $\beta$-pinene (2.90% and 14.07%). However, from the needles of P. thunbergii, $\beta$-pinene (20.77%) was the major one, followed by $\alpha$-pinene (10.79%). Among the sesquiterpenes detected in P. densiflora, trans-caryophyllene (3.12%) was the highest composition compound, whereas germacrene-D (6.09%) for P. thunbergii and 1,6-cyclodecadiene (7.41%) and endo-1-bourbonanol (7.41%) for P. rigida were the highest content compounds. However, the total amounts of terpenes decreased sharply by 40-85.4% in all three types of pine needle after 90-120 days of the experiment. The concentration of each terpene differed during decomposition, and the majority of compounds disappeared from beneath the litter layer. It was determined that three types of reducing patterns of each compound appeared on the rate of loss of concentration during decomposition; one pattern decreasing sharply during the initial period, another pattern steadily or slowly decreasing, and a newly detected pattern at low concentration occurring during decomposition.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 2004

Activity-guided fractionation of the n-hexane and ${CHCl_3}-soluble$ fractions of Sindora sumatrana using a bioassay based on the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells led to the isolation of the known compound, $(+)-7{\beta}-acetoxy-15,16-epoxy-3$, 13(16), 14-clero-datriene-18-oic acid (2) as an active constituent. In addition, a new trans-clerodane diterpenoid, (+)-2-oxokolavenic acid (1), together with six known compounds, (+)-3, 13-clerodadiene-16,15-olide-18-oic acid (3), $(+)-7{\beta}-acetoxy-3$,13-clerodadiene-16,15-olide-18-oic acid (4), $(+)-7{\beta}-acetoxy-16-hydroxy-3$,13-clerodadiene-16, 15-olide-18-oic acid (5), ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ oxide (6), $clovane-2{\beta},9{\beta}-diol (7),{\;}and{\;}caryolane-1,9{\beta}-diol$ (8) were isolated and found to be inactive. The structure of compound 1 was determined using physical and spectroscopic methods such as 1D and 2D-NMR experiments. The known compounds 2-8 were identified by the spectroscopic data and by comparison with the published values. Of eight isolates (1-8), only compound 2 exhibited an iNOS inhibitory activity with $IC_{50}$/ value of $51.6{\;}\mu\textrm{m}M$.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3065-3071
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• 2012

Aim: The present investigation was to evaluate the effects of essential oils of Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) on free radicals and in vivo antioxidant properties. Methods: Essential oils were extracted using hydro-distillation and compound analysis was performed by GC-MS analysis. Screening for inhibitory activity was conducted by DPPH and OH-scavenging assays. In addition an in vivo study was carried out in cell line implanted cancer bearing mice with assessment of levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and reduced glutathione. Finally, lungs were dissected out for histopathology study of metastasis. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of carvocrol and trans-caryophyllene as the major compounds with 96% comparison with the Wilily and NBS libraries. The essential oil exhibited significant inhibition in DPPH free radical formation. Whereas reducing power and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity are dose dependent. When compared with the standard, it was found that the essential oil has more or less equal activity in scavenging free radicals produced. In the animal studies, the level of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as glutathione, were found to be increased in treated groups whereas lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide were reduced. Histopathology report also shows that the essential oil has a significant combating effect against cancer development. Conclusion: In all the in vitro assays, a significant correlation existed between the concentrations of the essential oil and percentage inhibition of free radicals. The in vivo studies also has shown a very good antioxidant property for the essential oil during cancer development. From, these results the essential oil can be recommended for treating disease related to free radicals and to prevent cancer development.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.634-638
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• 2005

The effects of ingredients added (first cutting ingredients vs. both first and second cutting ingredients), and cooking method (smoking vs. boiling) on product quality and volatile compounds were examined for low-fat and regular-fat sausages. Regular-fat sausages had slightly higher pH values (6.2-6.3) than those (6.1-6.2) of low-fat counterparts. However, the pH values of the sausages were not significantly affected by the different ingredients and cooking methods (p>0.05). Approximately 30 volatile compounds were identified from these comminuted sausages. The headspace concentrations of 4-methyl-1-[1-methylethyl]-3-cyclohexen-1-ol, ${\alpha}$- terpenyl acetate, eugenol, trans-caryophyllene and myristicine were lower in low-fat and regular-fat sausages containing the first cutting ingredients alone, than in those with both cutting ingredients. The volatile compounds of the smoked comminuted sausages were mostly phenols and hetero-compounds, and a lot of volatile compounds were shown before the retention time (RT) of 30 min. However, not many volatile compounds were detected in the boiled sausages prior to the RT of 30 min.