• 한국연초학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate whether pine needle extracts can be used as tobacco flavors. Yield of essential oil, absolute and oleoresin extracted from pine needles is 0.07%, 1.20% and 6.08% respectively. The volatile compounds isolated from the three types of extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 72 components were identified in the three type of extracts including 26 hydrocarbons, 16 alcohols, 13 esters, 9 acids, 4 phenols, 2 aldehydes and 2 ketones compounds. The major components were $\beta$-pinene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\delta$-cadinene and 4,5-dimethyl-1,3 -dioxol-2-one. There were 49 volatile components in the absolute, 44 components in the essential oil and 26 components in the oleoresin. The content of hydrocarbons and alcohols was higher in the essential oil extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE) than in others, while that of esters and acids was higher in the absolute than in others. Especially, phenols and ketones were identified only in the oleoresin. The components such as $\beta$-pinene, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-terpineol and oxygenated terpenes have characteristic piney and fresh green odor. The contents of these components was higher in the essential oil and the absolute than in the oleoresin. Therefor, the essential oil and the absolute are expected to be more useful than the oleoresin as tobacco flavor.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2013

Chrysanthemum indicum is widely used to treat immune-related and infectious disorders in East Asia. C. indicum flower oil contains 1,8-cineole, germacrene D, camphor, ${\alpha}$-cadinol, camphene, pinocarvone, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, 3-cyclohexen- 1-ol, and ${\gamma}$-curcumene. We evaluated the safety of C. indicum flower oil by conducting acute oral toxicity, bone marrow micronucleus, and bacterial reverse mutation tests. Mortality, clinical signs and gross findings of mice were measured for 15 days after the oral single gavage administration of C. indicum flower oil. There were no mortality and clinical signs of toxicity at 2,000 mg/kg body weight/day of C. indicum flower oil throughout the 15 day period. Micronucleated erythrocyte cell counts for all treated groups were not significantly different between test and control groups. Levels of 15.63~500 ${\mu}g$ C. indicum flower oil/plate did not induce mutagenicity in S. Typhimurium and E. coli, with or without the introduction of a metabolic activation system. These results indicate that ingesting C. indicum flower oil produces no acute oral toxicity, bone marrow micronucleus, and bacterial reverse mutation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2014

A new needle-based device for headspace wire coated in-needle microextraction (HS-WC-INME) was fabricated using a nichrome wire coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mixture. The proposed needle device was applied for the determination of volatile compounds in lavender and lavandin essential oils by gas chromatography. Fundamental parameters such as needle design, conditions of extraction and desorption were optimized along with the validation of the extraction and desorption efficiency. The optimal conditions were 30 min extraction at $50^{\circ}C$ and 2 min desorption at $240^{\circ}C$. The calibration curves showed good linearity with the suitable values of the coefficients of determination ($r^2$) greater than 0.99. The limits of detection for linalyl acetate, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, linalool and (+)-limonene were 7.15, 9.04, 10.79 and 22.26 ng, respectively. Analytical recoveries were acceptable in the test samples, varying from 86.7% to 108.0%. The values of relative standard deviations for run to run showed range less than 0.9% while 3.9% through 7.2% for needle to needle. The proposed PEG-PDMS coating could be more suitable than PDMS coating to extract particular polar groups such as alcohols.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2006

A novel sample pretreatment technique, headspace hanging drop liquid phase microextraction (HS-LPME) was studied and applied to the determination of flavors from solid clove buds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several parameters affecting on HS-LPME such as organic solvent drop volume, extraction time, extraction temperature and phase ratio were investigated. 1-Octanol was selected as the extracting solvent, drop size was fixed to 0.6 $\mu$L. 60 min extraction time at 25 ${^{\circ}C}$ was chosen. HS-LPME has the good efficiency demonstrated by the higher partition equilibrium constant ($K_{lh}$) values and concentration factor (CF) values. The limits of detection (LOD) were 1.5-3.2 ng. The amounts of eugenol, $\beta$-caryophyllene and eugenol acetate from the clove bud sample were 1.90 mg/g, 1.47 mg/g and 7.0 mg/g, respectively. This hanging drop based method is a simple, fast and easy sample enrichment technique using minimal solvent. HSLPME is an alternative sample preparation method for the analysis of volatile aroma compounds by GC-MS.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the pyrolysis products of patchouli oil by Curie-Point pyrolysis. The pyrolysis of patchouli oil was performed at the temperature of 16$0^{\circ}C$, 42$0^{\circ}C$, $650^{\circ}C$, 76$0^{\circ}C$, and 92$0^{\circ}C$ by Curie-Point Pyrolyzer. The pyrolysis products were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 21 components were identified in the pyrolyzates of patchouli oil. The temperature for maximum formation of most of these compounds was in the range of 76$0^{\circ}C$~92$0^{\circ}C$. The major components were $\beta$-patchoulene, $\alpha$-guaiene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\alpha$-patchoulene, seychellene, $\delta$-guaiene, and patchouli alcohol. The numbers of the pyrolyzed products of patchouli oil were increased by increasing temperature, however, the yields of major components such as patchoulene, guaiene, seychellene and patchouli alcohol decreased as the temperature of pyrolysis was raised to 92$0^{\circ}C$, the highest temperature in this experiment. The optimum temperature for formation of the pyrolysis products such as styrene, indane and naphthalene was at 92$0^{\circ}C$.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2016

This study investigated the chemical composition of Cirsium japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura essential oil and the quantitative changes of major volatile flavor compounds according to the harvesting season. The essential oils obtained by the method of hydrodistillation extraction from aerial parts of C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Sixty-four volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oil from C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura harvested in May 2012; hexadecanoic acid (49.31%) was the most abundant compound, followed by 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.72%), phytol (13.40%) and 9-hexadecenoic acid (4.16%). Eighty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in October 2012; phytol (40.56%), hexadecanoic acid (17.69%), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.71%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.15%) were the most abundant compounds. Types and levels of volatile compounds from different harvesting seasons varied. The essential oil composition of C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura harvested in the spring and autumn was characterized by higher contents of aliphatic fatty acid, diterpene and sesquiterpene, respectively.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of packaging on the aroma stability of curry powder during storage. The Volatile flavor compounds from curry powders packed with laminated film or vinyl were analyzed by the solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry during in storage at $25^{\circ}C$ for 13 weeks. Forty-eight compounds, comprising 36 terpenes, 5 alcohols, 4 benzenes, 2 carbonyl compounds, and 1 ester, were identified from the curry powders. The main volatile compounds were cuminaldehyde, anethole, and eugenol. The Volatile compounds of curry powder packed with laminated film were maintained unchanged during in the storage, whereas those packed in vinyl were decreased during the storage. The amounts of p-cymene, cuminaldehyde, anethole, and (E)-caryophyllene from curry powder packed with laminated film were maintained during storage, while those packed with vinyl decreased gradually. The aroma stability of eugenol was unaffected by packaging. The results indicates that curry powder is best packaged in with laminated film to maintain the aroma stability during storage.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.381-387
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• 2006

We analyzed the total yields and composition of essential oils in leaf extracts of Nepeta cataria by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-six compounds representing 97.0% of total oil were detected. The major constituents of essential oils in Nepeta cataria were nepetalactone (90.9%), unidentified compound (Retention time 17.35; 1.82%), 1,8-cineol (1.49%), ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ (1.12%), and ${\beta}-pinene$ (1.078%). The volatile compounds in leaf extracts of N. cataria concentrated to nepetalactone ($88.83{\sim}93.33%$) remarkably. In the essential oil of N. cataria cis,trans-nepetalactone ($30.2{\sim}37.8%$) and cis,cis-nepetalactone ($31.5{\sim}37.0%$) were found as the main constituents. The effects of essential oil of N. cataria on the growth of six microorganisms (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were investigated. The essential oil of N. cataria had strong inhibitory effect on the growth of three fungal species (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, and B. amyloliquefaciens). The essential oil from N. cataria was found to have a low antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, while no activity were found against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results indicate the significant antimicrobial effect, which may be depended on the yield of nepetalactone.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.310-310
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• 2022

백리향은 꿀풀과에 속하는 다년생 식물로 세계적으로 약 100여 종이 자생하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 우리나라에서 자생하는 백리향은 외국 허브인 타임(Thymus vulgaris)과는 형태학적 및 유전학적으로 다르나 시중에서 백리향과 타임 구분 없이 유통되고 있다. 백리향은 가지가 많고 포복성으로 자라는 특성이 있어 지피용 식물로 유용하고 독특한 향기를 지니고 있어 식품 및 향장품용 향료자원으로 활용이 가능하다. 또한, 우울증이나 불면증 등과 같은 신경성 질환 예방에 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 자생 향료 식물의 발굴 및 산업화 소재 가능성 검토를 위하여 토종 허브인 백리향을 오대산에서 수집하여 증식한 후 외래종 타임과 특성을 비교하였다. 백리향과 골든레몬타임의 유전형태 조사는 국립수목원 백리향 조사 요령을 참고하여 각 20개체씩 조사하였다. 조사항목은 식물의 높이, 엽신의 형태와 길이 및 너비, 화서 길이와 마디당 꽃 수, 꽃의 길이 등이었다. 오대산 백리향의 식물 높이는 평균 14.3 cm, 엽신 형태는 난형, 엽신 길이는 1.24 cm이었고 꽃의 길이는 0.92 cm, 꽃 수는 35개이었다. 골든레몬타임의 식물 높이는 평균 18.03 cm, 엽신 형태는 타원형, 엽신 길이는 1.06 cm이었고 꽃의 길이는 0.59 cm, 꽃 수는 146개이었다. 백리향과 골든레몬타임의 정유 추출수율은 각각 0.22, 0.08%이었으며 추출된 정유를 GC-TOF의 SPME장치를 사용하여 분석한 결과, thymol, Caryophyllene, linalool, camphor 등이 향기 성분으로 검출되었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.765-772
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• 2015

Saussurea lappa has been reported to possess anti-atopic properties. In this study, we have confirmed the S. lappa's anti-atopic properties in Nc/Nga mice and investigated the candidate gene related with its properties using microarray. We determined the target gene using real time PCR in in vitro experiment. S. lappa showed the significant reduction in atoptic dermatitis (AD) score and immunoglobulin E compared with the AD induced Nc/Nga mice. In the results of microarray using back skin obtained from animals, we found that S. lappa's properties are closely associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Consistent with the microarray data, real-time RT-PCR confirmed these modulation at the mRNA level in skin tissues from S. lappa-treated mice. Among these genes, PI3Kca and $IL20R{\beta}$ were significantly downregulated by S. lappa treatment in Nc/Nga mouse model. In in vitro experiment using HaCaT cells, we found that the S. lappa components, including alantolactone, caryophyllene, costic acid, costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone significantly decreased the expression of PI3Kca but not $IL20R{\beta}$ in vitro. Therefore, our study suggests that PI3Kca-related signaling is closely related with the protective effects of S. lappa against the development of atopic-dermatitis.