• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.67-70
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• 2005

Pimozide and haloperidol are typical antipsychotics. They share a similarity in pharmacotherapeutic and adverse effect profiles. Cardiovascular effects may be seen as alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac conduction. Conduction disturbances may occur ranging from asymptomatic prolongation of the QT interval to fatal ventricular arrhythmia. So in the case of anti psychotics overdose, the patient must be carefully monitored by continuous electrocardiography (ECG). We experienced a 34-year-old woman of schizophrenia with recurrent ventricular tachycardia after pimozide and haloperidol overdose. Initially she was slightly drowsy, however her ECG showed normal sinus rhythm. After 6 hours on emergency department entrance, her ECG monitoring showed ventricular tachycardia and we successfully defibrillated. There were five times events of ventricular arrhythmia during the in-hospital stay. She was discharged 5 days later without any other complications.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2008

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness and problems in other higher cognitive processes such as executive function deficits. Currently, there are many treatment modalities, of which pharmacotherapy is the most strongly supported by scientific and clinical evidence. Stimulants, which are first choice in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, block dopamine reuptake by binding the dopamine transporter and so increasing the concentration of dopamine in synaptic clefts. Stimulants are effective in improving core ADHD symptoms, as well as the nonspecific symptoms, such as aggressiveness and oppositional behavior. Frequently reported short-term adverse effects are decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, headache, dizziness and irritability. Although questions have been raised about the long-term side effects of stimulants, including growth suppression, cardiovascular events, and abuse potential, there is no clear evidence to support these concerns.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.584-592
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• 2010

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a multifunctional cofactor of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) as well as an intracellular antioxidant in animals. Through regulation of NOS activity BH4 plays a pivotal role not only in a variety of normal cellular functions but also in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, which develop under oxidative stress conditions. It appears that a balanced interplay between BH4 and NOS is crucial for cellular fate. If cellular BH4 homeostasis maintained by BH4 synthesis and regeneration fails to cope with increased oxidative stress, NOS is uncoupled to generate superoxide rather than NO and, in turn, exacerbates impaired BH4 homeostasis, thereby leading to cell death. The fundamental biochemical events involved in the BH4-NOS interplay are essentially the same, as revealed in mammalian endothelial, cardiac, and neuronal cells. This review summarizes information on the cellular BH4 homeostasis in mammals, focusing on its regulation under normal and oxidative stress conditions.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.441-444
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• 1997

Pure lipoma, originating from the trachea is a very rara disease entity A-37-ycar-old-male patient had suf'leered from intermittent episodes of dyspnea and has been treated under the diagnosis of bronchial asthma for 6 months. On chest CT scan and bronchofiberscopic examination, a round mass with the pedunculated neck was found in the mid-portion of the membranous portion of the intrathoracic trachea. Under the guide of fiberoptic bronchoscope, the mass was extirpated using polypectomy w re loop and eletrocauterization . He was discharged without any events on third postoperative day of operation and has been well without recurrence for 6 months.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.766-769
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• 2000

The long QT syndromes have been classified into acquired or inheritary forms, both of which are associated with a characteristic type of life-threatening polymorphic ventricular tachycardia called torsade de points. Beta-adrenergic blocker is the first cholic treatment, but in those whom cardiac events are not prevented by $\beta$-blockade, left thoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy may be useful in selected cases. A 50-year-old woman had an recurrent syncopal attack in which she was unconscious for 1-2 min and 1-2 times a month for 10 years. The EKG revealed that QT & QTc intervals were 744 and 632 msec respectively. Treatment with Beta-adrenergic blocker and calcium channel blocker was ineffective in preventing recurrence of syncopal spell. Therefore, she underwent left thoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy with thoracoscope. During the 9 months after operation, she was free of syncopal episodes and is doing well.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.606-609
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• 2003

A 70-year-old man with aphasia due to ischemic cerebral events by thromboemboli was admitted. The cause of thromboemboli was investigated, and transesophageal echocardiography and chest MRI revealed an encapsulated cystic mass in the right atrium, not circulating. It was a homogeneous cystic mass suggesting a tumor (Myxoma) rather than thrombus. Right atrial mass was resected together with partial atrial septum under the normgthermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Histologically it was an atrial septal aneurysm, closed on itself, filled with blood. We re-port this rarely seen case with a review of the literatures.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2015

Ginseng has long been used as a functional food or therapeutic supplement and it is empirically known to be safe and nontoxic. During recent decades, a number of in vitro and in vivo experiments, as well as human studies have been conducted to prove the safety of various types of ginseng samples and their components. Clinical trials, case reports, and in vitro and in vivo research articles addressing the safety, toxicity, and other adverse events of ginseng application were selected and reviewed. Patient risks associated with ginseng abuse and misuse such as affective disorder, allergy, cardiovascular and renal toxicity, genital organ bleeding, gynecomastia, hepatotoxicity, hypertension, reproductive toxicity, and anticoagulant-ginseng interaction were reviewed and summarized. There are some cases of patient risk associated with ginseng abuse and misuse depending on patients' conditions although further investigation in more cases is required to clarify these issues.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.514-517
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• 1989

Congenital esophageal stenosis is a rare disease in childhood. By virtue of its complex embryological development, the esophagus is the site of many congenital abnormalities. Congenital Esophageal stenosis is one tenth as rare as tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia and is very rare in the cervical esophagus, which mostly occurred below mid-esophagus. Congenital esophageal web may be caused by the resorption failure of the epithelium following the vacuolization stage in embryonic development in the esophagus. Recently, we experienced 1 cases of congenital esophageal web, as the symptoms of life-long dysphagia. According to her history of dysphagia, radiologic and clinical findings, her esophageal stenosis was considered as congenital. For dilatation and relief of dysphagia, she underwent the Heineke-Mikulicz type of esophagoplasty. The results of surgical treatment were relatively good without any clinical events. So we reported it with its literature review.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.279-287
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• 2019

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by obstructive events of the upper airway (UAW) during sleep, which can be associated with clinical signs and symptoms such as snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired memory, and fatigue. It is associated with many problems like psychosocial problems, physiologic alterations in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as a result of hypoxia and repeated awakenings during sleep. Conservative treatments such as weight loss, sleep positioning, improvement of sleep hygiene, CPAP and MAD can be performed for the obstructive sleep apnea. However, their effect for the OSA is limited and differs by patient's individual properties. Accordingly, surgical reconstructions of the upper airway must be carried out for the treatment of OSA.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.951-963
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• 2018

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, i.e. statins, are effective in reducing cardiovascular disease events but also in cardiac-related and overall mortality. Statins are in general well-tolerated, but currently the concerns are raised if statins may increase the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NOD). In this review, the possible effects of statins on organs/tissues being involved in glucose metabolism, i.e. liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and muscles, had been discussed. The net outcome seems to be inconsistent and often contradictory, which may be largely affected by in vitro experimental settings or/and in vivo animal conditions. The majority of studies point out statin-induced changes of regulations of isoprenoid metabolites and cellassociated cholesterol contents as predisposing factors related to the statin-induced NOD. On the other hand, it should be considered that dysfunctions of isoprenoid pathway and mitochondrial ATP production and the cholesterol homeostasis are already developed under (pre)diabetic and hypercholesterolemic conditions. In order to connect the basic findings with the clinical manifestation more clearly, further research efforts are needed.