• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.335-345
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• 2015

본 연구는 4종의 재래닭인 연산오계, 현인흑계, 횡성약닭, 황봉의 육량과 육질을 상호 비교하기 위하여 실시하였고, 대조구로 백색 레그혼을 사용하였다. 시험용 닭을 모두 동일한 조건에서 56주간 사육하여 도계한 후 48시간에 이화학적 조사를 실시하였다. 4종의 재래닭은 모두 부위와 상관없이 백색레그혼에 비해 전단력이 높았다. 또한 4종류의 재래닭의 가슴육은 백색레그혼보다 n6/n3 지방산 비율과 보수력이 낮고 가열감량이 높았다(p<0.05). 생체중과 도체중은 황봉이 유의적으로 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 지방산 조성에서 맛과 관련이 있는 올레산 함량은 횡성약닭의 가슴육이 39.6%로 유의적으로 높았고, n6/n3 비율도 횡성약닭의 가슴육이 8.93, 다리육이 12.57로 다른 품종에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 연산오계는 가슴육과 다리육 모두에서 지방함량이 높았고, 품종 특성 때문에 $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$가 낮아 어두운 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 조직감을 보면 황봉의 가슴육과 다리육에서 전단력, 응집성, 검성, 씹힘성이 높았다(p<0.05). 관능검사의 결과를 보면 향기는 황봉의 가슴육이 유의적으로 높았고, 종합기호도에서 황봉과 횡성약닭이 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 4종류의 재래닭이 백색레그혼에 비해 공통적으로 조직이 단단하고 보수력이 낮은 특징을 보였고, 재래종간에도 조직감, 지방산 조성(n6/n3 비율), 육색, 관능검사에서 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1977

1. 재래산양(在來山羊)의 사료섭취(飼料攝取) 경향(傾向)은 주간(晝間)이 야간(夜間)보다 많으며 중량(重量)에 대한 생초섭취량(生草攝取量)은 9~15%였다. 2. 하기(夏期)에는 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)이 감소(減少)되며 체중(體重)도 감소(減少)되었다. 3. 생초(生草)나 건초(乾草)의 품질(品質)이 저질화(低質化)되면 농후사료(濃厚飼料) 섭취량(攝取量)이 증가(增加)된다. 4. 강류급여구(糠類給與區)나 배합강료급여구(配合糠料給與區)에 있어서 조사료(粗飼料)의 섭취량(攝取量)은 동일(同一)하였다. 5. 사양표준(飼養標準)에 의(依)해서 재래산양(在來山羊)을 사육(飼育)하는 것이 T. D. N이나 D. C. P. M. E의 요구량(要求量)을 감소(減少)시킬 수 있다. 6. 자양(仔羊)의 주폐사원인(主弊死原因)이 되는 내부기생충(內部寄生蟲)은 위충(胃蟲), 장결절충(腸結節蟲), 간질(肝蛭), 코크시듐이며 주기적(週期的) 예방(豫防)이 필요(必要)하다. 7. 격목구(擊牧區) 농원사료구(農原飼料區), 배합사료구(配合飼料區)에서 육성(育成)된 한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊)의 도체시험(屠體試驗) 결과(結果) 격목구(擊牧區)는 35.10%의 도체율(屠體率)과 29.92%의 정육율(精肉率)을 얻었고 농원사료구(濃原飼料區)는 42.17%의 도체율(屠體率)과 30.25%의 정육율(精肉率) 증가(增加)를 가져왔고, 배합사료구(配合飼料區)는 44.56%와 33.99%의 가장 좋은 산육성(産肉性)을 나타냈다. 8. 각구별(各區別) 도체성분(屠體成分)의 일반조성(一般組成) 분석결과(分析結果)는 농원사료(濃原飼料)의 급여(給與)에 따라서 지방함량(脂肪含量)은 증가(增加)하고 수분(水分) 및 조회분(粗灰分)등은 감소(減少)하는 현상(現象)을 나타냈다. 9. 이취주성분(異臭主成分)인 체지방(體脂肪)이 정육(精肉)에서 4 %정도 채취(採取)되었다. 10. Sausage, 통조림 제조(製造)에 사용(使用)된 향신료(香辛料)중 Clover Pepper, group가 가장 풍미개선(風味改善)에 효과적(效果的)이였다. 11. 제조기술적면(製造技術的面)에서 볼 때 가공용(加工用) 육자원(肉資源)으로써 사용(使用)이 가능(可能)하다고 인정(認定)되였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2014

This study was conducted to observe the effects of gas composition in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the shelf-life of Longissimus dorsi of Korean Native Black Pigs-Duroc Crossbred ($KNP{\times}D$) during refrigerated storage. Muscle sample was obtained from the left side of carcass of seven months old of $KNP{\times}D$ barrow. The sample was sliced into 1 cm in thickness, placed on trays (two slices/tray) and filled with different gas composition, i.e. 0:20:80/$O_2:CO_2:N_2$ (MAP1), 30:20:50/$O_2:CO_2:N_2$ (MAP2) and 70:20:10/$O_2:CO_2:N_2$ (MAP3). Other slices of sample were vacuum packed (VP) as a control. All packs were stored at $5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. At 12 d of storage, pH value of MAP2 and MAP3 were higher (p<0.05) than that of MAP1 and pH value of MAP1 was higher (p<0.05) than that of VP. At 6 d of storage, redness ($a^*$) value of MAP2 and MAP3 were higher (p<0.05) than that of VP and MAP1 and, at 9 and 12 d of storage, redness value of MAP3 was higher (p<0.05) than that of VP, MAP1, and MAP2. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 d of storage, the 2- thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value of MAP3 was higher than that of MAP2 and TBARS value of MAP2 was higher than that of VP and MAP1. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 d of storage, volatile basic nitrogen values of MAP2 and MAP3 were higher (p<0.05) than those of VP and MAP1. At 3 d of storage, total aerobic plate counts of MAP2 and MAP3 were higher (p<0.05) than those of VP and MAP1 and, at 6 d of storage, total aerobic plate counts of MAP3 was higher (p<0.05) than that of MAP1 and MAP2. However, there was no significant different total aerobic plate count among MAP1, MAP2, and MAP3 at 9 and 12 d of storage. There was no significant different total anaerobic plate count among MAP1, MAP2, and MAP3 during storage. It is concluded that the MAP containing 30:20:50/$O_2:CO_2:N_2$ gas composition (MAP2) might be ideal for better meat quality for $KNP{\times}D$ meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.565-572
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• 1999

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of conditioning (conventional vs expander) corn- and sorghum-based diets on production traits for lactating sows and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, one hundred sixty-eight sows (parity 1-4, PIC line C15) were fed the corn or sorghum grain diets as a meal, standard (steam) conditioned pellets, or expanded pellets to give a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of treatments. Pellet durability index (PDD was similar for the sorghum- vs corn-based diets, but increased when diets were expanded pellets for both corn- and sorghum-based diets. The corn-based meal diet supported 3.3% greater litter weight gain than the sorghum-based meal diet (44.0 kg vs 42.8 kg). However, the advantage for the corn-based diet disappeared with expander processing (ie., sows fed the sorghum-based diet responded more to diets processed with the alternative processing technology). Sow weight change during lactation was similar (p>0.15) among treatments, although average daily feed intake tended to be greater (p<0.09) for the sows fed sorghum. For Exp. 2, a total of 71 barrows (average initial weight of 58.0 kg) were used in a growth assay to determine the effects of feeding com- and sorghum-based diets, as meal or pellets, after processing with a conventional steam conditioner or an expander (high-shear) conditioner. PDI was not different for the sorghum- vs corn-based diets, but increased from 84 to 95% with expander conditioning compared to conventional steam conditioning. Rate and efficiency of gain, and carcass leanness were similar for pigs fed sorghum and corn (p>0.15). Efficiency of gain was greater (p<0.04) for pigs fed the pelleted (356 g/kg) diets compared to those given the meal (348 g/kg) diets. However, efficiencies of gain were similar (p>0.11) for pigs fed the conventional- and expander-conditioned diets. Pelleting increased (p<0.01) the incidence and severity of stomach lesions regardless of grain type. In conclusion, corn-based meal diet resulted in a greater litter weight gain than the sorghum-based meal diet. However, that advantage disappeared when the diets were expanded and pelleted. Finishing pigs fed pelleted diets were more efficient than those fed meal diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1427-1435
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of a stair-stepped feed intake pattern on growth, feed efficiency, and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-seven 11-month-old Hanwoo steers were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was fed according to the Korean steer feeding program, and the other two groups were fed according to an alternated feeding schedule of 3-2-4-2 months. During the first three months of the experiment, treatment group 1 (T1) and treatment group 2 (T2) were fed 20% and 30% less than the control group, respectively. For the following two months, the T1 group was fed 20% more than the control group while the T2 group was fed 20% less than the control group. In the third step, T1 and T2 groups were fed 20% and 10% less, respectively, than the control group for four months. In the last two months, T1 and T2 groups were fed 20% more than the control group. After the stair-step feeding trial, steers were fed concentrated feed ad libitum for five months. The altered feed intake pattern did not affect daily body weight gain. However, daily feed intake tended to decrease and growth efficiency tended to increase in the two treatment groups compared to the control group. Altered feed intake also affected blood metabolite levels. The serum glucose and BUN level of the T1 group increased in the first re-fed period compared to the T2 and control groups. The serum cholesterol level of the T2 group decreased in the first restricted-re-fed growth period compared to the T1 and control groups. The serum NEFA levels of the two treatment groups increased from the first restricted period compared to the controls. The serum insulin level of the T2 group increased in the last period compared to the T1 and control groups. Regarding meat yield index, the control group was significantly higher than the T2 group (p<0.05). Regarding meat yield grade, the carcass back fat thickness of the T2 group was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). In marbling score, the T1 group was the highest (4.9), followed by the control group (4.1) and the T2 group (4.0). These results indicate that using a stair-stepped growth pattern (T1) can contribute to improvements in growth efficiency and muscle marbling.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2002

미생물제제를 이용한 돈분뇨 처리시스템(3N-System, 속성발효시스템) 운영에 있어 돼지에 급여하는 생균제가 비육돈의 발육 및 질병발생에 미치는 효과와 분뇨처리효과를 구명하기 위하여 실시한 시험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 생균제 혼합급여 시험은 사료에 0.1% 씩 생균제와 항생제를 각각 첨가하여 처리구별로 30두씩 3처리 평균체중이 21.4$\pm$0.54kg인 육성비육돈 90두를 공시하여 시험을 실시하였다. 0.1% 생균제 (Bacillus toyoi spore) 급여구는 육성돈에서 출하시까지 급여하였으며, 0.1% 항생제 (kitasamycin and sulfamethazine) 첨가 급여구는 출하 1개월전 부터는 항생제 첨가한 사료를 급여하지 않았다. 일당 증체량과 사료효율은 처리간에 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다(P >0.05). 도체성적에 있어 출하시 체중과 도체중은 항생제 첨가급여구가 다소 높게 나타났으나 처리간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 등지방 두께는 생균제 첨가 급여구가 다른 처리구에 비하여 낮게 나타나는 경향이었다(P<0.05). 도체등급별 출현두수는 A등급 출현율에서 생균제 첨가 급여구가 다소 높은 비율을 보였다. 육안 병변에 대한 모니터링 결과에서는 생균제 급여구가 병변발생율이 적게 나타났다. 시험돈사의 환경조사에서 처리간에 온도의 차이는 없었으나 최저온도에서는 항생제첨가 급여구가 다른 처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 습도는 생균제 첨가급여구가 84.34$\pm$6.03으로 다른 처리구에 비하여 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 시험돈사내의 돈분뇨의 성상변화(BOD, COD, SS, T-N, T-P 및 암모니아 농도)도 생균제첨가 급여구가 낮은 수치를 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.675-682
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• 2013

One hundred and sixty Taiwan country chickens (d-old chicks) were randomly assigned into four groups with four replicates and equal sex. Basal diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% of Bazhen powder, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine complex. The study was conducted for 14 wks. Experimental results indicated that Bazhen supplement did not influence feed intake, body weight gain and feed:gain ratio. Compared with control group, the percentage of serum HDL (high-density lipoprotein) linearly increased (p<0.03) and that of VLDL+LDL (very low-density+low-density lipoprotein) linearly decreased (p<0.03) in Bazhen supplemented groups, that 2% Bazhen was significantly different with control group (p<0.05). Chickens fed diets containing 2% Bazhen displayed reduced (p<0.05) serum GOT (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) levels. The IgG, ${\gamma}$-globulin levels and PHA (phytohemagglutinin) skin challenge results in 1% Bazhan supplemented group were higher (p<0.05) than in the control group, the SRBC (sheep red blood cell) and ND (newcastle disease) titers in Bazhen supplemented groups were linear higher (p<0.05) than in the control group. The liver catalase activity and the capacity of scavenging DPPH (${\alpha}$-${\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl) radical were linearly increased (p<0.03) in Bazhen supplemented groups, and the 1 and 2% groups were different from the control group (p<0.05). Liver TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) levels in all Bazhen supplemented groups and total glutathione level in the 2% group were reduced (p<0.05) compared to the control group and displayed a linear response (p<0.05). The TBA (thiobarbituric acid) and pH value of the breast muscle after 24 h post-mortem in the Bazhen supplemented groups was linear lower (p<0.05) than in the control group. Results from this study demonstrated that Bazhen supplement in chicken had several beneficial effects, including increased SRBC and ND titers, HDL and IgG, ${\gamma}$-globulin levels, PHA skin challenge result, decreased VLDL+LDL and GOT levels, and displayed antioxidation effects in serum and carcass meat parameters.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.1565-1574
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of the present study was to identify genetic variants based on RNA-seq data, obtained via transcriptome sequencing of muscle tissue of pigs differing in muscle histological structure, and to verify the variants' effect on histological microstructure and production traits in a larger pig population. Methods: RNA-seq data was used to identify the panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly related with percentage and diameter of each fiber type (I, IIA, IIB). Detected polymorphisms were mapped to quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regions. Next, the association study was performed on 944 animals representing five breeds (Landrace, Large White, Pietrain, Duroc, and native Puławska breed) in order to evaluate the relationship of selected SNPs and histological characteristics, meat quality and carcasses traits. Results: Mapping of detected genetic variants to QTL regions showed that chromosome 14 was the most overrepresented with the identification of four QTLs related to percentage of fiber types I and IIA. The association study performed on a 293 longissimus muscle samples confirmed a significant positive effect of transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 2 (TACC2) polymorphisms on fiber diameter, while SNP within forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) locus was associated with decrease of diameter of fiber types IIA and IIB. Moreover, subsequent general linear model analysis showed significant relationship of FOXO1, delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1 (DEGS1), and troponin T2 (TNNT2) genes with loin 'eye' area, FOXO1 with loin weight, as well as FOXO1 and TACC2 with lean meat percentage. Furthermore, the intramuscular fat content was positively associated (p<0.01) with occurrence of polymorphisms within DEGS1, TNNT2 genes and negatively with occurrence of TACC2 polymorphism. Conclusion: This study's results indicate that the SNP calling analysis based on RNA-seq data can be used to search candidate genes and establish the genetic basis of phenotypic traits. The presented results can be used for future studies evaluating the use of selected SNPs as genetic markers related to muscle histological profile and production traits in pig breeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1425-1434
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• 2017

Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of different diets for early-weaned (EW) calves on rumen development, and how this affects fat deposition in the longissimus dorsi of adult Korean Hanwoo beef cattle. Methods: Three EW groups were established (each n = 12) in which two- week-old Hanwoo calves were fed for ten weeks with milk replacer+concentrate (T1), milk replacer+concentrate+roughage (T2), or milk replacer+concentrate+30% starch (T3); a control group (n = 12) was weaned as normal. At six months, 5 calves of each group were slaughtered and their organs were assessed and rumen papillae growth rates were measured. The remaining calves (n = 7 in each group) were raised to 20 months for further analysis. Results: Twenty-month-old EW calves had a higher body weight (BW), backfat thickness (BF), longissimus dorsi muscle area (LMA) and intramuscular fat (IMF) than the control (p<0.05). Organ growth, rumen histology, and gene expression patterns in the 6-month-old calves were positively related to the development of marbling in the loin, as assessed by ultrasound analysis (p<0.05). In the group fed the starch-enriched diet (T3), higher BW, BF, LMA, and IMF were present. The IMF beef quality score of 20-month-old cattle was 1+ for the T2 and T3 diets and 1 for the T1 diet (p<0.05). Conclusion: Papillae development was significantly greater in calves fed on high-concentrate diets and this may have resulted in the improved beef quality in the EW dietary groups compared to the control.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.503-508
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• 2004

본 연구는 돼지의 일령별 체중자료를 이용한 개체별 체중 성장곡선 추정을 통해 성장 특성을 조사하고 육질 형질과의 상관 관계를 규명하고자 실시하였다. 축산연구소의 재래돼지와 랜드레이스를 기초축으로 조성한 F2집단 253두를 대상으로 일령별 체중기록과 육질 형질을 측정하여 개체별 성장곡선 모수와 성장 특성치를 추정하고 등지방 두께, 조지방 함량, 지방율 및 전단력과 성장곡선 모수간의 표현형 상관관계를 추정하였다. 대부분의 성장 특성치들은 기존 연구에서 제시된 재래돼지와 랜드레이스순종의 중간정도 능력을 나타내었으며, 상관관계의 추정 결과 조숙성의 개체일수록 성숙체중이 작았으며 만숙성인 개체일수록 지속적인 성장률의 증가로 인해 변곡점이 나타나는 월령이 늦어지며 최대 증체율이 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 성장곡선 모수와 육질형질 측정치들간의 상관 관계는 암수간에 일부에서 다소 상반되는 방향으로 추정되었으며 특히 전단력의 경우 모든 성장 특정치들과의 관계가 반대로 추정되었다. 최대 증체율과 등지방 두께 및 조지방 함량과의 상관은 비교적 높은 정의 상관정도를 보여 최대 증체율이 클수록 등지방 두께와 조지방 함량이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다.