• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1151-1159
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary level of whole flaxseed (WFS; 0, 10 and 15%) on performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition of serum and subcutaneous, perirenal, and intramuscular adipose tissues of Korean Hanwoo cattle. The daily gains were not different among treatments. Dietary inclusion of WFS decreased (p<0.05) feed intake but improved (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (feed/gain). Backfat thickness and marbling score were increased (p<0.05) by dietary WFS. Carcass weight, dressing percentage, loin-eye area, and carcass yield and quality were not different among treatments. The proportion of C18:3 in serum and, to a lesser extent, in adipose tissues were increased (p<0.01) by dietary WFS, indicating that lipids from WFS escaped ruminal biohydrogenation. Animals fed WFS had lower proportions of saturated fatty acid (SFA; C14:0 and 16:0) and higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; C18:2. 18:3, 20:2, 20:4, 20:5 and 22:6) in perirenal and intramuscular fat than animals fed diets without WFS, resulting in an increased PUFA/SFA ratio. Furthermore, feeding WFS increased (p<0.01) proportions of $\omega$-3 and $\omega$-6 fatty acids in intramuscular fat but decreased (p<0.05) the $\omega$-6/$\omega$-3 ratio. Relative treatment effects were similar between 10 and 15% WFS. Feeding WFS can effectively alter composition of adipose tissues with enhanced feed conversion ratio.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.457-463
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• 2014

The effects of feeding of diets based on roughage supplemented with concentrate on the carcass and meat quality attributes of Korean black goats were investigated. The 40 male goats at 5 mon age were divided into four treatment groups; T1 (1.5%), T2 (2.0%), T3 (2.5%) and T4 (ad libitum) feeding of concentrate with ad libitum rice straw. Forty bucks at the end of the feeding were fasted for 12 h before slaughter and were then slaughtered. For carcass measurement, cold buck carcasses were examined after 24 h of chilling at $5^{\circ}C$. The carcasses were chilled in refrigerator at $2{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 24 h, then the longissimus dorsi muscle was removed from the carcasses. The samples were separately vacuum packaged, frozen and stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for up to 1 mon, prior to physicochemical evaluations. Carcass yields were greatly affected by rate of concentrate feeding. T4 showed the heaviest live and carcass weights and the highest dressing and fat percentages (p<0.05). The moisture contents were lower in T4 compared with other treatments, while the crude protein and fat contents were higher (p<0.05). mono-unsaturated fatty acid in T4 was significantly higher than others, which showed the highest percentages of oleic acid (C18:1). For the sensory test, T4 was tenderer and produced better flavor scores than others. Increasing the level of concentrate in the diet resulted in an improvement in growth performance, and carcass and physicochemical characteristics of goat meats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1227-1232
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• 2008

Carcass characteristics data of Hanwoo (N = 1,084) were collected from two stations of the National Livestock Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Korea and records from thirteen individual cow-calf operators were analyzed to estimate variance and covariance components and the effect of different slaughter endpoints. Carcass traits analyzed were cold carcass weight (CWT, kg), REA (rib eye area, cm2), back fat thickness (mm) and marbling score (1-7). Four different models were examined. All models included sex and contemporary group as fixed effects and the animal's direct genetic potential and environment as random effects. The first model fitted a linear covariate of age at slaughter. The second model fitted both linear and quadratic covariates of age at slaughter. The third model fitted a linear covariate of body weight at slaughter. The fourth model fitted both linear covariates of age at slaughter and body weight at slaughter. Variance components were estimated using the REML procedure with Gibb's sampler. Heritability estimate of CWT was in the range of 0.08-0.11 depending on the model applied. Heritability estimates of BF, REA and MS were in the ranges of 0.23-0.28, 0.19-0.26, and 0.44-0.45, respectively. Genetic correlations between CWT and BF, between CWT and REA, and between CWT and MS were in the ranges of -0.33 - -0.14, 0.73-0.84, and -0.01- 0.11, respectively. Genetic correlations between REA and BF, between MS and BF and between REA and MS were in the ranges of -0.82 ~ -0.72, 0.04~0.28 and -0.08 ~ -0.02, respectively. Variance and covariance components estimated varied by model with different slaughter endpoints. Body weight endpoint was more effective for direct selection in favor of yield traits and body weight endpoints affected more of the correlated response to selection for the traits of yield and quality of edible portion of beef.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1026-1031
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of graded levels of butyric acid (butyrate) on performance, gastrointestinal tract health and carcass characteristics in young broiler chickens. Control starter (0-3 wk) and finisher (4-5 wk) diets were formulated to contain 2,900 kcal ME/kg and 22% CP, and 3,000 kcal ME/kg and 20% CP, respectively. Subsequently, four other experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.05% antibiotic (furazolidone) or 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% butyric acid. Each diet was fed at random to 8 replicates of 6 chicks each throughout the experimental period (0-5 wk). The results showed that 0.4% butyrate in the diet was similar to antibiotic in maintaining body weight gain and reducing E. coli numbers but superior for feed conversion ratio. No added advantage on these parameters was obtained by enhancing the concentration of butyrate from 0.4 to 0.6% in the diet. Feed intake and mortality were not influenced by the dietary treatments. A reduction in pH of the upper GI tract (crop, proventiculus and gizzard) was observed by inclusion of butyrate in the diets of broilers compared to either control or antibiotic-fed group. Butyrate at 0.4% was more effective in reducing the pH than 0.2% butyrate. Within the lower GI tract, 0.4 and 0.6% butyrate was effective in lowering pH in the duodenum, but no effect was found in either the jejunum or ileum. The villus length and crypt depth in the duodenum increased significantly in all the butyrate treated diets irrespective of the level tested. Carcass yield was higher and abdominal fat content was lower significantly in all the butyrate treatment groups compared to the control or antibiotic group. From these findings, it is concluded that 0.4% butyric acid supplementation maintained performance, intestinal tract health, and villi development and carcass quality in broiler chickens.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.11-25
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a composite feed additive (CFA) consisting of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and choline on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat properties of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-two late fattening steers were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups, control (commercial concentrate + rice straw) and treatment (commercial concentrate + rice straw + 50 g of CFA). Average daily gain (ADG) was 4.0% higher in treatment than that in control; however, there was no statistically significant difference. The supplementation of CFA had no effect on overall yield or quality traits of carcass. CFA had no effect on chemical composition, water holding capacity, shear force, cooking loss, or myoglobin values in longissimus muscle; however, the content of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was increased by supplementation of CFA (p < 0.01). The contents of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid and n-3 fatty acids were higher in treatment group than in control (p < 0.01). The ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was decreased by supplementation of CFA (p < 0.01). The supplementation of CFA had no effect on pH or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in longissimus muscle (raw); however, TBARS (cooked) values were lower in treatment group than in control during refrigerated storage (p < 0.01). Thus, the results indicate that the supplementation of CFA (vitamin C + vitamin E + selenium + choline) had some positive effects on the increase in ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and n-3 fatty in longissimus muscle, without any negative effect on growth performance or carcass characteristics of late fattening Hanwoo steers.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.233-242
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pineapple cannery by-product (PCB) level on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing Hanwoo steers. Methods: The feeding stage was divided into early and late finishing stages. A total of 60 castrated Hanwoo steers (13.9±0.8 months old, 418.8±36.5 kg initial body weight [BW]) were blocked by initial BW and then randomly allotted into 12 pens (five head/pen). The pens were randomly assigned to control (CONT), low PCB (LPCB), or high PCB (HPCB) treatments. These diets contained 0%, 1.5%, or 3.0% of PCB (on a dry matter [DM] basis; as-fed basis was 0%, 10.6%, or 21.2%), respectively. Results: For the early finishing stage, body weight gain (BWG) and average daily gain (ADG) of the CONT and LPCB feeding groups were greater (p<0.05) than those of the HPCB feeding group. In addition, there were linear and quadratic effects on BWG and ADG with increasing dietary PCB level (p<0.05). The gain to feed (G:F) ratio tends to quadratically decrease with an increasing PCB level in the early finishing stage (p = 0.076). Growth performances of late finishing stage were not affected by PCB level. The marbling score of the LPCB feeding group was similar to that of the CONT feeding group. However, there was a linear decrease (p< 0.05) in marbling score and quality grade among treatments as PCB was increased in the diet. In the longissimus muscle free amino acid profile, histidine composition increased linearly (p<0.05) with an increasing level of PCB. Conclusion: The level of PCB 1.5% DM in diet can be used for finishing steers without any adverse effects on growth and carcass performances. However, there were some negative effects on growth and carcass performance in the HPCB feeding group.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.835-841
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• 2012

본 실험은 저항생제 수준에서 스테비아와 숯의 급여가 돼지의 도체 및 육질특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 시험구는 일반 기본사료를 기초로 하여 T1(대조구, 기본사료 + 비육전후기 항생제), T2(기본사료 + 0.3% 스테비아 + 0.3% 숯 + 비육전후기 항생제) 및 T3(기본사료 + 0.3% 스테비아 + 0.3% 숯 + 비육전기 항생제)로 나누어 실시하였고, 항생제(oxytetracycline, OTC) 수준은 기존 첨가 수준(110 ppm)의 50%인 55 ppm으로 첨가하였다. 저항생제 돈육생산 가능성을 위하여 비육후기 무항생제 처리를 하였다. 숯과 스테비아, 항생제를 각기 다르게 급여한 돼지의 도체특성에서 A등급 출현율은 T3에서 59%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 등지방 두께는 T2에서 높게 나타났다. 도체장도 T2에서 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 일반성분에서는 모든 처리구에서 유사한 수준을 나타냈다. 육질특성에서 pH는 모든 처리구에서 정상의 범위를 나타내었으며, 보수력은 T3에서 다소 높은 수준이었다. 육즙손실은 T2에서 높은 육즙손실량을 나타내었으며, 가열감량에서도 T2에서 유의적으로 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 전단력은 실험군 간에 차이가 없었다. 육색에서 명도는 T2가 높은 수준이었으며, 근육 내 총콜레스테롤 함량은 T1에서 유의적으로 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 주관적판정에서 T3가 다소 높은 마블링 점수를 나타내었고, 관능검사에서는 T1이 전체기호도에서 다소 높은 점수를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 스테비아와 숯을 먹인 비육후기 무항생제 급여구(T3)가 대조구(T1)와 스테비아와 숯을 먹인 비육전후기 항생제 급여구(T2)와 비교 시 도체 및 육질특성에서 유사한 결과를 나타내는 것으로 보아, 스테비아와 숯이 항생제 대체효과가 있는 것으로 생각되며 저항생제 돈육생산이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.373-380
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• 2008

본 연구는 육계농장에서 출하전 절식시간(2시간 이내, 2~4시간, 4~6시간)과 도계전 총 절식시간(8시간 이내, 8~12시간, 12시간 이상)이 통닭의 하자발생, 도계등급과 육질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 출하전 농장에서의 절식시간은 2~4시간의 경우 2시간 이내나 4~6시간 절식에 비해 사계(p<0.05)와 멍계의 발생율이 낮았으며, 도계등급결과에서도 1등급과 2등급 판정율이 다소 높았다. 출하전 농장에서의 절식시간이 가슴육의 육질에 미치는 영향에서는 2~4시간 절식의 경우 2시간 이내나 4~6시간 절식에 비해 pH와 보수력이 다소 높았고, 육즙손실, 가열감량과 전단력이 다소 낮았다. 출하전 절식시간이 가슴육의 7일간 냉장저장기간 중에 총미생물수에 미치는 영향에서 냉장 4일에서 2~4시간 절식이 2시간 이내의 절식에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 수치를 나타냈다. 도계전 육계의 총 절식시간에서 8시간 이내의 총 절식시간은 12시간 이상의 총 절식시간에 비해 사계와 멍계의 발생율이 낮았으며(p<0.05), 도계등급 결과에서도 1등급 판정율이 유의적으로 높았다. 도계전 육계의 총 절식시간이 가슴육의 육질에 미치는 영향에서는 12시간 이상의 총 절식시간이 8시간 이내나 8~12시간의 총 절식시간에 비해 pH와 보수력이 낮았고(p<0.05), 육즙손실, 가열감량과 전단력이 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 도계전 총 절식시간이 가슴육의 7일간 냉장저장중에 총미생물수에 미치는 영향에서 12시간 이상의 총 절식시간이 8시간 이내나 8~12시간의 총 절식시간에 비해 다소 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 출하전 육계 농장에서의 절식시간은 2~4시간이, 도계전 총 절식시간은 8시간 이내 또는 8~12시간의 절식시간이 닭고기 최종 품질에 가장 좋은 영향을 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1207-1213
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels of lacquer (Rhus verniciflua Stokes) meal on the growth performance, carcass traits, fatty acid profile and meat quality of longissmuss dorsi (LD) muscle in finishing pigs. Pigs (n = 117; Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc; initial body weight $80{\pm}0.4kg$) were allotted to three dietary treatments and fed lacquer at 0, 2 and 4% of the diet for five weeks. Inclusion of lacquer meal in the diets of pigs had no influence on their growth performance, carcass yield, loin eye area and fat free lean; however, pigs fed lacquer diets had lower backfat (linear, p = 0.006; quadratic, p = 0.004). Pigs fed increasing levels of lacquer meal had lower moisture (linear, p<0.001; quadratic, p = 0.008), crude fat (linear, p<0.001) and crude protein (linear, p<0.001; quadratic, p = 0.002) in LD muscle. The LD muscle of pigs fed lacquer meal had lower pH (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) at 6, 8 and 10 days, and linearly lower thio-barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS, p<0.01) at 8 and 10 days and water holding capacity (WHC, p<0.05) at 3, 6, 8 and 10 days. The fatty acid composition of LD muscle revealed linearly lower stearic (p = 0.034) and total saturated fatty acid (p = 0.049) with increasing dietary lacquer meal levels. In general, higher lightness, redness and yellowness values were observed in LD muscle of pigs fed 2% lacquer meal on day 0 and subsequently on 3, 6, 8 and 10 days of refrigerated storage. The results of the current study suggest that lacquer meal can be incorporated up to 4% in the diet of finishing pigs without any adverse effects on performance; moreover, improvements in the meat quality during refrigerated storage can be obtained by inclusion of lacquer meal in the diet of finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1537-1544
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• 2015

Meat and carcass quality attributes are of crucial importance influencing consumer preference and profitability in the pork industry. A set of 400 Berkshire pigs were collected from Dasan breeding farm, Namwon, Chonbuk province, Korea that were born between 2012 and 2013. To perform genome wide association studies (GWAS), eleven meat and carcass quality traits were considered, including carcass weight, backfat thickness, pH value after 24 hours (pH24), Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage lightness in meat color (CIE L), redness in meat color (CIE a), yellowness in meat color (CIE b), filtering, drip loss, heat loss, shear force and marbling score. All of the 400 animals were genotyped with the Porcine 62K SNP BeadChips (Illumina Inc., USA). A SAS general linear model procedure (SAS version 9.2) was used to pre-adjust the animal phenotypes before GWAS with sire and sex effects as fixed effects and slaughter age as a covariate. After fitting the fixed and covariate factors in the model, the residuals of the phenotype regressed on additive effects of each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) under a linear regression model (PLINK version 1.07). The significant SNPs after permutation testing at a chromosome-wise level were subjected to stepwise regression analysis to determine the best set of SNP markers. A total of 55 significant (p<0.05) SNPs or quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected on various chromosomes. The QTLs explained from 5.06% to 8.28% of the total phenotypic variation of the traits. Some QTLs with pleiotropic effect were also identified. A pair of significant QTL for pH24 was also found to affect both CIE L and drip loss percentage. The significant QTL after characterization of the functional candidate genes on the QTL or around the QTL region may be effectively and efficiently used in marker assisted selection to achieve enhanced genetic improvement of the trait considered.