• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.183-191
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• 1998

This study aimed at the effect on serum glucose and lipid profiles according to carbohydrate / lipid intake ratio in Korean 191 NIDDM patients. Most of NIDDM patients belong to under 50-64 years. As carbohydrate intake level increased, lipid intake level decreased. The group of higher carbohydrate / lipid intake ratio shows significantly high in fasting glucose level and postprandial glucose in NIDDM patients. The higher carbohydrate / lipid intake ratio the higher dietary linoleic and $\omega$-3 fatty acid level but not in dietary $\omega$3/$\omega$6 ratio. Serum HDL decrease inhigher carbohydrate lipid intake ratio group. Serum total lipid and PUFA level decrease according to ditary total lipid intake decrease in men but not significantly different.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.116-122
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• 1996

This study aimed at the effect of carbohydrate level on serum glucose and lipid in Korean female 300 NIDDM patients. Mostly NIDDM appears in 50-64 years. As carbohydrate level increased, nutrient intakes increased. Most carbohydrate intakes were polysaccharides. High carbohydrate diets made blood glucose level increased. But high carbohydrate-fiber diets result lowering effect on serum LDL /HDL-cholesterol ratio and triacylglycerides. In conclusion, NIDDM patients need regular exercise and total energy intake balance. High carbohydrate-fiber diets are recommendable.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.163-173
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the clinical and metabolic determinants of circulating soluble leptin receptor (CSLR) and free leptin index (FLI) in pre-pubertal obese male children. Methods: We conducted a preliminary cross-sectional study at three tertiary hospitals and one public primary school. Eighty obese male children without growth and developmental abnormalities aged 5-9 years were recruited. In these children, obesity was solely caused by excessive food intake, and not by acute illness, medications, endocrine abnormalities, or any syndrome. Body mass index (BMI), body fat mass, carbohydrate intake, fat intake, high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, low density lipoprotein cholesterol level, triglyceride level, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance are the potential determinants for leptin regulation, which is represented by CSLR level and FLI. Results: Carbohydrate was the main source of energy. BMI and body fat mass had negative weak correlation with CSLR and positive weak correlation with FLI. Furthermore, carbohydrate intake was found to be independently associated with CSLR based on the results of the multiple linear regression analysis. Following an increase in carbohydrate intake, CSLR level decreased progressively without any negative peak. Conclusion: Leptin regulation in prepubertal obese male children is associated with body composition and dietary intake. Carbohydrate intake is useful for predicting CSLR. Lipid profiles and insulin resistance are not related to both CSLR and FLI. Treatment and prevention of leptin resistance in obese children should focus on reducing BMI, fat mass, and carbohydrate intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.451-457
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the effect of the ratio of energy from carbohydrate to total calories on dietary intake, obesity index, blood pressure, and blood lipid content in cardiovascular disease patients over 35 years old. A total of 552(227 male, 325 female) subjects were divided into three groups according to carbohydrate/total energy ratio : carbohydrate ratios below 25 percent were in the low carbohydrate group( <61.1%), between 25 and 75 percent carbohydrate were medium($\geq$61.1-<74.7%), and higher than 75 percent were in the high carbohydrate group($\geq$74.7%). The anthropometric data, nutrient intake, serum lipid levels, and blood pressure of each group were compared with one another. For men and women with high carbohydrate intakes, Inadequate nutritional intake was observed. Abdominal fat accumulation and blood TC level for men in the high carbohydrate group were higher than in medium or low carbohydrate groups. Therefore, it seems that high carbohydrate intake may produce adverse effects on abdominal fat accumulation and blood lipid patterns. Blood pressure, however, was significantly higher for women in low and high carbohydrate groups than in medium carbohydrate group. These results suggest that extremely high and low carbohydrate intake may raise the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it is necessary to consume nutritionally balanced meals. This can be done by controlling the ratio of dietary carbohydrate at a medium level in order to prevent and/or to reduce the risk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권10호
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• pp.1061-1070
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the diet with the amount and the qualitative assessment of nutrient intakes by the economic level. Data from the 1998 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey were used. Using the poverty line based on the 1998 Korean minimum cost of living, Subjects (n = 10400) were classified into high class (36.1％), middle class (40.7％) and low class (23.1％). Chi-square-test and Analysis of Variance following Duncan's multiple range test were used to test the difference in nutrient intake pattern among three groups ($\alpha$ = 0.05). The amount of nutrient intake and nutrient intake adequacy were statistically different by the economic level (p<0.01). The ratio of energy intake from carbohydrate is higher than the criteria of WHO recommendation in all economic levels. Especially people in the low class depended much on the carbohydrate for the energy intake. The ratio of energy from the protein and fat are lower in the middle and low class than that of the high class. The Intake level of calcium and vitamin B$_2$ were lower than those of the Recommended Dietary intake level, regardless of economic status. It also showed differences in major food sources of nutrients by the economic level Consequently, it seems that the nutrition policy and program should be prepared according to their economic status. Also, there should more detailed studies to find out the nutrient intake pattern, their determinant, and health consequences.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.449-457
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• 2001

This study was performed to show change of fat-free mass(FFM), representing mostly the muscle mass change, and muscle strength with increasing age, and relationship between dietary, exercise behaviors and FFM in healthy middle-and old aged women who are of age over 55 years. The FFM and correspondingly hand grip strength showed significant positive correlation with age. But concentration of serum albumin showed no significant relationship with age. The subjects were categorized into groups according to FFM tertile. The anthropometry such as weight, BMI, fat mass, circumferences of waist and hip, WHR, and hand grip strength decreased significantly in the lowest FFM group. But the albumin level showed no change according to FFM level. The FFM showed significant correlation with nutrient intakes such as energy, carbohydrate, protein, Fe, P, Ca. No association, however, was shown with exercise behavior probably because of no case with resistance exercise habits. The variance of FFM was explained 55.2% by height and carbohydrate intake. The variance of height-adjusted FFM could be explained only 16.2% by intake amount of carbohydrate. In conclusion, the decrease of FFM may cause to reduce muscle strength in female elderly. The increasing nutrient intakes were associated with the increased FFM and may protect from risk of sarcopenia. However, only the carbohydrate intake could influence independently the FFM in middle- and old-aged women. The FFM has no association with endurance exercise habits. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 449∼457, 2001)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1452-1460
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• 2014

The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional parameters of young bulls supplemented with different ratios of protein: carbohydrate on tropical pastures from 4 until 18 months old. Fifty-five non-castrated beef calves ($138.3{\pm}3.4kg$, 90 to 150 d of age) were used. The calves (young bulls) were subjected to a 430-d experimental period encompassing 4 seasons. The treatments were as follows: control, only mineral mixture; HPHC, high protein and high carbohydrate supplement; HPLC, high protein and low carbohydrate supplement; LPHC, low protein and high carbohydrate supplement; and LPLC, low protein and low carbohydrate supplement. The amount of supplement was adjusted every 28 d. Dry matter (DM) intake was higher in the dry-to-rainy transition and rainy seasons for all nutritional plans. Non-supplemented animals had lower intakes of DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) than supplemented young bulls in all seasons. Although differences in DM intake were not observed between supplemented animals, the supplements with high carbohydrate (HPHC and LPHC) had lower forage intake during suckling (rainy-to-dry transition season) and in the rainy season. However, the HPHC treatment animals had higher intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. It can be concluded that supplementation with high protein levels (supplying 50% of the crude protein requirement) provide the best nutritional parameters for grazing young bulls in most seasons, increasing intake and digestibility of diet, and these effects are more intense when associated with high carbohydrate levels level (supplying 30% TDN requirement).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.69-78
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• 2010

The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome has increased rapidly among the middle-aged and seems to be affected by socioeconomic factors, lifestyles and dietary habits. This research tries to find out the difference in dietary intake between middle-aged with and without metabolic syndrome. Using Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) in 2005 and 2007, this study investigated 2,382 people (normal: 1,575, disease: 807) in 2005 and 1152 people (normal: 747, disease: 405) in 2007 (between the age of 40 and 64). Analysis was performed to discover the difference in nutrient intakes between people with and without metabolic syndrome. Also differences among people with various socioeconomic factors (such as age, education level, and income level), which can affect nutrient intake, were analyzed. In the nutrient intake people with metabolic syndrome has lower intake in most of nutrients than those of normal group, except carbohydrate. In 2007, normal group had higher intake in most nutrients, except for carbohydrate, sodium, potassium and vitamin A. Carbohydrate: protein: fat (C: P: F) ratio for metabolic syndrome group showed higher rate for carbohydrate, than normal group, in 2005, and 2007. Overall, the higher age and income level, the more carbohydrate intake rate is increase in metabolic syndrome group. The Quality of each nutrient intake was assessed using NAR (Nutrient adequacy ratio) and MAR (Mean adequacy ratio). According to the MAR, there was significant difference in 2005, 0.83 for normal group and 0.81 for metabolic syndrome group but there wasn't any in 2007 (0.81 for normal group, 0.82 for metabolic syndrome group). By NAR, in 2005, all nutrient except phosphorus, iron, vitamin A for Normal group higher then those of metabolic syndrome group (p < 0.05). In 2007 intake of metabolic syndrome group were higher then those normal group in most of nutrient by NAR. For age, education and income, MAR for normal group is higher then that of metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, Quality of nutrient intake in normal group is better then in metabolic syndrome group. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor dietary of intake people with metabolic syndrome, and necessary measures should be taken.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.315-323
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the serum lipid levels and fatty acid composition in middle-aged men and the influence of cardiovscular risk factors on them. Data for dietary intake, anthropometry , blood pressure, and general environmental factors were obtained and their relationship to serum lipid levels and fatty acid composition were analyzed in 303 healthy male subjects with a mean age of 43.8$\pm$6.4 years from June 1 to 22 , 1995. The prevalence of obesity was 26.7% by BMI and 11.2% by WHR criteria . The percentage of hypertensive subjects were 13.5% and 22.4% by systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Retinol, calcium , and roboflavin intakes were lower than the RDA for Koreans. The ratio of carbohydrate intake to total calories of the subjects was 70%. Ratios of P/M and n-6/n-3 were 1.02/1.05/1.00 and 11.1/1, respectively. The percentage of subjects who had serum TG, TC, LDL-C leves beyond the normal range were 19.5% , 13.5% and 8.6% respectively. Palmitic comprised 26.4% of serum total fatty acids, linoleic acid 19.4% and oleic acid 16.4. The waist circumference and ration of carbohydrate intake were related positively to TG level. Serum cholesterol level had positive relations with waist circumference, DBP, sugar intake, and income. There were positive relationships between SFA and bone fishes and vegetable oil intakes, MUFA and DBP while a negative a negative relationship was observed between PUFA and animal fat intake. Serum n-6 fatty acid was related negatively to carbohydrate intake and hot taste preference. N-3 fatty acid was related positively to fish intake and negatively to egg intake. These results suggest that to maintain adequate serum lipid levels and fatty acid composition, sugar, animal fat, and carbohydrate intakes have to be reduced, while consumption of vegetable oil and fish must be increased. It is also essential to control abdominal fat accumulation and blood pressure.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.23-45
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• 1994

It has been recently reported that degenerative diseases are increasing rapidly in many other countries as well as in Korea according to expansion of life expectancy, economic development and dietary patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in lipid metabolism with age, to determine which dietary factors affect the serum lipid profiles, and to compare Korean and western diets. With clinically normal participants(made 60, female 63), this study was carried out in three phases : 1) to analyze blood lipid levels with age, 2) to analyze the effects of different dietary intakes on blood lipid levels according to age, and 3) to compare the effects of different food intakes on blood lipids between eastern and western coutries. The results are follows : 1) Mean serum values of triglyceride and cholesterol reached a peak level at the age of 50-60 years, although men has higher levels than women at earlier ages. LDL cholesterol percentage increased sharply after 50 years and continued to 70 years. 2) Differences of dietary calorie intake including carbohydrate, total fat and animal fat affected serum lipid profiles, such that high intake groups generally showed higher triglyceride and cholesterol values than the lower intake groups. 3) Compared with Americans(45%), Koreans consumed carbodydrates at 65% of their calorie intake. At this carbohydrate level dietary fatty acid P/S and W-6/W-3 ratio were 1.1 and 6, this could make Koreans continue this dietary pattern composed of carbohydrate at 65% of total calorie intake, and P/S ratio of fatty acid at 1 to 2.