• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.37-50
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• 1986

A nutrition survey of 128 perschool children, 4 to 6 years old, in the Saemaul Youlgok day care center, located in one uplane, overpolulated, poor area of the city of Seoul, sponsered by the Korean Red Cross Society, was undertaken between August 21 and 31, 1984, to investigate dietary and nutritional status. RESULTS: Mean values of height, weight, arm circumference, girth of chest, and head circumference ranged from 95 to 100% of KIST mean. However, 4.8~14.2% of the subjects were assessed as undernourished in terms of 'weight for height'. Mean hemoglobin vcalue was 12.1±0.7gm%, and mean hematocrit value was 38.5±2.2%; 4.1% of the subjects were proven to be anemic according to the criterion of hemoglobin established by the ICNND. Mean urinary urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio was 11.4±3.8. Regarding mean energy and nutrient intake, the following percentages had intakes below two-thirds of the 1985 RDAs: 28.8% of children, for protein; 48.8% of children, for iron; and 28.8% of children, for calcium. About 25% of children had vitamin A intake below one-third of the recommended allowance. Carbohydrate provided 71% of total energy intake; protein accounted for 13%; fat provided 16%. Energy intake was divided among breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks in a percentage ration of 19:26:21:34. The lunch, and snacks which were served at the day care center provided 36.5~79.1% of daily energy and nutrient intake. The survey clarified that the day care feding largely supplemented the inadequate dietary intakes of these young children at home. According to factor analysis of energy and nutrient intake, there were two factor groups : the first factor group, for energy, protein, carbohydrate, iron and niacin, mainly provided by grains; and the second factor group, for calcium, vitamin A, thamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid, provided by vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products. The survey also revealed significant correlation coefficients between family factors such as family income, educational level of parents, and number of children; and dietary or nutritional status of the subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.119-130
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• 2011

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is heavily dependent on dietary and lifestyle practices, is prevalent in Korean adults. Because dietary practices are unique for each race, nationality, and culture, it is important to identify Korean adult dietary practices that are associated with MetS. Macronutrient intake patterns were analyzed and compared across health status using the 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (8,143 adults who had dietary data and biomarkers related to MetS). Although intake levels were different by age, gender, and health status, carbohydrate intake was high and fat intake was low among Korean adults. The carbohydrate energy ratio was higher and the fat energy ratio was lower for subjects > 60 years old who were diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, or MetS than those in other age groups. The main source of fat from food differed depending on the group. These results demonstrated that macronutrient intake patterns were different between age, gender, and health status subgroups. Hence, it is recommended that nutritional policy and practices aimed at controlling MetS should be based on the dietary characteristics of the target group.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to provide useful information which will aid in the promotion of nutritional policy in the Korean rural area which are derived from a survey of intake and source of protein in some Korean rural adults and the correlations between their protein nutrition and various nutrients, the uses of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, etc. The survey was conducted from July, 24 through July, 18, 1989. The healthy subjects were 45 males(average age 42.3, average BMI 22.1kg/m2) and 55 females (44 years, 21.2 kg/m2) residing in Sungjoo Kyun, Chulanam-Do, Korea. The subjects were examined for the anthropometric, food Intake and food habits. Their daily diets were measured by 24-hr recall method. The results can be summarized as follows : The daily mean protein intakes of male and female subjects were 9595 of RDA(66, 5g) (16. 7% of total food intake per day) and 102.3Bh of RDA(61g) (14.8% of total intake per day) respectively. The order of sources of animal protein in all subjects was fish(47.9%), meat(29.8%), milk (12%), and egg(10.3%). Among protein sources the intake frequencies of fork and chicken were higher than those of others. The protein nutrition of the subjects showed positive correlations with energy and fat, carbohydrate, fiber at the level of significance of 1%. The protein nutrition of the male subjects showed no correlation with age, BMI, uses of alcohol, coffee, medicine, but the plant protein nutrition showed a positive correlation with smoking and exercise(at 5%). And the protein nutrition of the male subjects showed no correlations with uses of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, medicine and their opinion of their present state of their health, but the age of the male subjects showed negative correlations with milk(at 1%) and egg(at 5%). In conclusion, the daily protein Intake was good and the main sources of animal protein were fishes in rural adults. The protein nutrition of the subjects showed a correlation with energy, fat, carbohydrate and in the case of female, milk and egg intakes showed the negative correlation with age.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.432-442
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient content consumed by children and adolescents on home-prepared versus chef-prepared specific carbohydrate diets (SCD) as therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: Dietary intake of two cohorts with active IBD initiating the SCD over 12 weeks was assessed. The home-prepared cohort received detailed guidance from dietitians on implementation of the SCD. The chef in the other cohort was knowledgeable in the SCD and prepared meals from a fixed set of recipes. Data from 3-day diet diaries at 4 different time points were collected. US Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) were calculated for macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Results: Eight participants on the homemade SCD and 5 participants on the chef-prepared SCD were included in analysis. Mean % RDA for energy intake was 115% and 87% for homemade and chef-prepared groups (p<0.01). Mean % RDA for protein intake was 337% for homemade SCD and 216% for chef-prepared SCD (p<0.01). The homemade SCD group had higher mean % RDA values for vitamin A and iron, while the chef-prepared SCD group had higher intake of vitamins B1, B2, D, phosphorus and zinc (p<0.01 for all). Conclusion: The SCD implemented homemade versus chef-prepared can result in significantly different intake of nutrients and this may influence efficacy of this dietary therapy. Meal preparation dynamics and the motivation of families who pursue dietary treatment may play an important role on the foods consumed and the outcomes on dietary therapy with the SCD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.583-594
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• 2021

This study examined the nutrient intake of Korean adults by considering the lunch type, categorized as home meals (HM), eating out (EO), and institutional meals (IM). Data was obtained from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 3,786 adults (1,643 men, and 2,143 women) aged between 19-64 years were included in the study. Subjects with daily energy intake of less than 500 kcal or over 5,000 kcal, and those who skipped lunch, were excluded. The percentage of subjects in the HM, EO, and IM were 31.9, 53.6, and 14.4%, respectively. The daily energy intakes of the HM, EO, and IM groups were determined to be 2,185, 2,360, and 2,339 kcal, respectively, in men, and 1,622, 1,731, and 1,741 kcal, respectively, in women. Among the three groups, men in the EO group had more intake of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and riboflavin, and less dietary fiber, and whereas women consumed more fat and less dietary fiber and potassium. In the IM group, the men consumed more dietary fiber, potassium, and thiamine, whereas consumption of carbohydrate, unsaturated fatty acid, sodium, potassium, and thiamine was more in women. Energy contributions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were all within the AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges) for all lunch types, except for the percent of energy provided from saturated fat in EO (7.4% in men, and 8.2% in women). Our results indicate that the dietary habit of frequently eating out increases the fat intake, thereby resulting in increased health risks for adults. Thus, implementation of a nutritional education program to encourage balanced dietary habits is required to improve the nutritional status of individuals eating out.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.185-195
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• 2024

Purpose: The carbohydrate-restricted diet has been recognized to be effective into preventing and alleviating lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The rare sugar ᴅ-allulose is a functional monosaccharide with anti-obesity effects. In the present study, we examined the effects of dietary ᴅ-allulose on body fat accumulation in rats fed severely carbohydrate-restricted diets containing high concentrations of different fats, beef tallow, or soybean oil. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n = 35, 3-week-old) were divided into 5 groups: One chow-fed control (C) group, and four carbohydrate-restricted groups, namely, beef tallow (B), beef tallow + ᴅ-allulose (BA), soybean oil (S), and soybean oil + ᴅ-allulose (SA), with free access to the diet and water for 8 weeks. The B and BA diets contained 23% beef tallow and 2% soybean oil, whereas the S and SA diets contained 25% soybean oil. Furthermore, the BA and SA diets contained 5% ᴅ-allulose. Results: The final body weight, weight gain, and food intake were significantly higher, and food efficiency was significantly lower in the control group compared to the other carbohydrate-restricted groups. Intra-abdominal adipose tissue, carcass fat, and total body fat weights were not influenced by dietary fat type or ᴅ-allulose supplementation, except for the epididymal adipose tissue weight. In contrast, carbohydrate restriction suppressed body weight gain in rats, but remarkably increased body fat accumulation. Conclusion: Under carbohydrate-restricted conditions, no anti-obesity effects of dietary ᴅ-allulose were observed, regardless of the dietary fat type. The causes of these effects are unknown. However, they may be influenced by a very low carbohydrate and high protein diet. Further research is required to elucidate the effects of ᴅ-allulose under various nutrient compositions with different fat, carbohydrate, and protein energy ratios.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.338-348
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• 2000

This study was carried out to survey dietary intakes of 739 elementary students, 4-6grades, in Won-Ju area, in 1998, to enhance the effect of school foodservice. The results were as follows : 1. Most investigated students had nuclear family with one brother or one sister. 2. The average height of boys and girls was $141.0{\pm}7.7cm\;and\;141.4{\pm}8.0cm$, and the average weight of them was $35.7{\pm}8.5kg\;and\;36.1{\pm}8.5kg$, respectively. There was no significant difference between boys and girls. 3. The rates of obesity were 12.2% in urban, 7.4% in rural and 0% in remote rural area by Rohrer index and 22.9% in urban 13.9% in rural and 0% in remote rural area by the rate based on standard weight. 4. All nutrients intake of investigated students were sufficient according to recommended dietary allowances. All nutrients intake of boys were higher than those of girls. Calcium intake of children with well educated mother was higher than that of children with poorly educated mother. Children in remote rural area had lower carbohydrate, calory and calcium intake than those in other areas. 5. Students without breakfast had lower protein and iron intake and higher calory from snack than those with breakfast. 6. Students who thought themselves to be obesity had low intake of carbohydrate, total calory and calory from snack and students with regular exercise had high intake of protein, iron, calcium and calory from snack. 7. Students with unbalanced diet, snack intake in large quantities and irregular meal had lower protein, fat, iron and calcium intake and higher calory from snack than other students. As a result, Students without breakfast often had lower all nutrients except calory from snack than other students, significantly. Problems of nutrients intake of elementary students in Won-Ju area were high rate of obesity, high intake of protein, unbalanced nutrients intake of students without meal or students with excessive eating and limited calcium intake of students with poorly educated mother. It is important to confirm desirable food habits for balanced nutrients intake in all areas and to increase calcium intake of students in remote rural area.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between consumption of nutrition and periodontal diseases in the Korean menopausal women. Methods: The data used for analysis were obtained from the sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013). Subjects were 1,407 women aged over 35 years old. Data were analyzed by chi-square and t-test. Multiple regression analysis was also performed to assess the association between nutrition and periodontal diseases. Statistical significance level was set at p<0.05. Results: Using multiple logistic regression analysis after adjustment of age, education level, and BMI, we found significant relationship between intake of protein (OR: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.14-0.65), carbohydrate (OR:3.31, 95%CI 1.90-5.77) and risk for periodontitis. Conclusions: dequate intake of protein and decreased intake of carbohydrate may be recommended for prevention of periodontal diseases in the menopausal women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 1981

The diets of Gwangju and Yeosu city residents, nutrition survey was carried out both 1979 and 1980 year. 1. Average intake of nutritional elements for an adult per day was 654.88 gr. 2. Average Calorie distribution of the nutritional elements per adult per day was 17.85% for protein, 79.35% for carbohydrate, and 2.81% for Fat in Gwangju; 22.22% for protein, 73.88% for carbohydrate and 3.91% for Fat in Yeosu. 3. The ratio of the animal protein to total protein consumed was 75.09% in average. The amount of ingested protein, animal protein and plant protein were 130.05gr., 97.65gr. and 32.39gr. respectively. 4. In aspect of Calorie, take-in calorie was 2749.38 cal. which was lower than the RDA (3000 cal.). 5. In aspect of the minerals(Fe, Ca), the intake of Ca was 608.47mg. in Gwangju, but 491.89mg. in Yeosu. The intake of Fe in Gwangju and Yeosu were 13.21mg. and 10.22mg. respectively. The RDA for Fe, Ca were 600mg. and 10mg. respectively. 6. The amount of intaked thiamine and riboflavin were 1.48mg. and 1.01mg. respectively. The RDA of thiamine and riboflavin were 1.5mg. and 1.8mg. respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.268-276
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• 1982

A nutritional survey was made in 45 healthy Buddhist nuns (age : 20-34 yr) who have been vegetarians for more than 5 years and 20 female college students (aga : 20-22 yr) as a control group in Kyungpook province. Daily calorie intake of the Buddhist nuns and students were 1947 and 1815 kcal, respectively. The ratio of percent calorie of carbohydrate : fat : protein from total calories in the Buddhist nuns was 84 : 11 : 5 and that of the students was 70 : 15 : 15, respecting. The Buddhist nuns had significatly higher carbohydrate intake but markedly lower lipid intake than the students. Daily intakes of thiamin, niacin and ascorbic acid in the Buddhist nuns were higher, but those of iron, calcium and vitamin A were lower than the recommended daily allowances. Compared with the students, the Buddhist nuns had greater intakes of ascorbic acid, vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, and calcium. Anthropometric measurement showed that the Buddhist nuns had significantly higher values than the students in body weight, skinfold thickness, body surface area, and obesity index. There were highly significant correlations between anthropometric measurements and obesity index(0.55< r <0.99). On the other hands, correlation coefficients between nutrients intakes and skinfold thickness and obesity were very low(0.01< r <0.37). The Buddhist nuns and students showed similar normal values of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and blood pressure.